Emperor penguin reaches Australia: Lifeform of the week

The 2025 EarthSky Lunar Calendar is now available! A unique and beautiful poster-sized calendar. Makes a great gift. Get yours today!

Western Australia’s Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions said that on November 1, 2024, an emperor penguin arrived at a beach in southwestern Australia. Somehow, the emperor penguin made it from the frigid waters of Antarctica – normally, the exclusive home to these birds – to the temperate waters off the coast of Australia. It’s a distance of more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km). This is the first time an emperor penguin has been known to reach Australia, and just how he did it is still unknown.

NBC News reported that after 20 days in the care of Carol Biddulph, a seabird rehabilitator and registered wildlife caretaker, and her husband Graham, a veterinarian, the bird gained enough weight and strength to be released into the Southern Ocean. The Western Australia parks department said:

Emperor penguins are known to travel up to 1,600 km [1,000 mi] on foraging trips, and we’re optimistic this remarkable bird is ready to continue its voyage.

The adventure of Gus, the emperor penguin

The first emperor penguin to arrive in Australia has become famous around the world. And with good reason! You don’t get to see a penguin on the beach every day. When Gus arrived at Ocean Beach in Western Australia, it was some local surfers who found him and asked for help.

When the emperor penguin first came into the hands of Carol Biddulph, the poor animal was malnourished and weighed only 50 pounds (23 kg). An adult male emperor penguin weighs about 89 pounds (40 kg). Carol did not know if he would make it. When she began feeding him, she even resorted to liquid food and, days later, she offered him solid food, such as fish.

This strong penguin demonstrated his will to live. That was when Carol thought of the emperors of the past and named him Gus, after the Roman emperor Augustus. On Wednesday, November 20, after a final veterinary check, his caretakers released Gus from a vessel off the southern coast of Western Australia, in the hope that he could join the rest of the emperors in Antarctica.

The park department said the animal was not fitted with a tracker. So, the service is asking members of the public to report any further sighting of the emperor penguin to the Wildcare Helpline.

Facts about emperor penguins

The emperor penguin is the largest penguin in the world. An individual can measure up to 4 feet (1.2 m) in height and weigh between 44 and 88 pounds (20 and 40 kg). These animals only live in Antarctica, on the ice and in the extremely cold waters of the South Pole.

In addition, they cannot fly like other birds, since their wings are rigid and flattened, as if they were paddles. However, this shape makes them ideal for swimming and diving. In fact, emperor penguins are able to dive in the ocean to a depth of more than 1,650 feet (500 m), farther than any other bird.

They can also stay underwater for more than 20 minutes and swim at speeds of up to 19 miles per hour (30 kmh), although this is only for short periods. Their normal speed is usually between 2.5 and 6.2 miles per hour (4 and 10 kmh).

Emperor penguin: Head and breast of 3 standing birds. They have smooth gray and white coats with patches of orange on head and neck.
Emperor penguins are the largest species of penguin. They cannot fly, but they are amazing swimmers and divers. Image via Bob Brewer/ Unsplash.

What is life like for an emperor penguin?

These magnificent creatures have developed techniques for living in the cold. They can even withstand wind chills of up to -76 F (-60 C). When temperatures are this low, penguins huddle together to protect themselves from the wind and stay warm.

Emperor penguins are also generous, as each takes turns moving into the middle of the group, where they are more sheltered and warmer. When one penguin has warmed up a bit, it goes back to the outside of the group so that others can move in.

For an emperor penguin, it’s better to be cold than hot. That’s because these animals have an excellent coat. Emperor penguins look like they’re wearing a formal outfit of a white shirt and black jacket. But their body is covered by a dense layer of feathers, about 15 feathers per square centimeter. The life expectancy of this bird is approximately 20 years, although some members of this species have been known to live up to 50 years.

Large crowd of black and white birds with patches of orange on their heads, standing on ice.
Penguins prefer cold temperatures and only live in Antarctica. The have a dense plumage. Image via Martin Wettstein/ Unsplash.

Emperor penguins are phenomenal parents

Another example of their strength is that the emperor is the only penguin species that breeds and raises its young during the harsh Antarctic fall and winter. It is also the only penguin species that raises its young on the ice and without the help of nests.

Females lay a single egg and pass it to the male, who is in charge of protecting and incubating it while the females go fishing to eat. Incubation lasts 62 to 64 days, and during this time, the male does not move or eat until the female returns. Because of this, these loving parents can lose more than 22 pounds (10 kg) of weight during this process.

Emperor penguins have a unique communication system to locate their mate and chicks. This series of vocalizations is more complex than those of other species.

A dozen standing black-and-white penguins, with a small, fuzzy gray chick.
Penguins are sociable creatures that live in a community. Also, they are great parents! Image via Pixabay/ Pexels.

Sociable creatures

It’s no wonder that poor Gus was given a mirror, so he wouldn’t feel alone while Graham and Carol Biddulph were taking care of him. As you can see, these creatures are super sociable and live in a community. Perhaps the penguins in his community in Antarctica missed Gus as much as he probably missed them. We at EarthSky hope he gets home safe and sound!

Little black, white, and gray chick tucked under the soft white belly feathers of its father.
Female emperor penguins lay just 1 egg and pass it to their mates, who protect and incubate it while the females go fishing. Image via Pixabay/ Pexels.

Bottom line: An emperor penguin, normally a resident of Antarctica, reached the temperate waters of Australia. How is that possible? Read more about penguin Gus and his adventure through the seas.

Via:

NBC News

The Associated Press

The Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions

Read more: Salmon, coming home after a century, are our lifeform of the week

Read more: Carnivorous wolves have a sweet tooth: Lifeform of the week

The post Emperor penguin reaches Australia: Lifeform of the week first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/bAK82ZY

The 2025 EarthSky Lunar Calendar is now available! A unique and beautiful poster-sized calendar. Makes a great gift. Get yours today!

Western Australia’s Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions said that on November 1, 2024, an emperor penguin arrived at a beach in southwestern Australia. Somehow, the emperor penguin made it from the frigid waters of Antarctica – normally, the exclusive home to these birds – to the temperate waters off the coast of Australia. It’s a distance of more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km). This is the first time an emperor penguin has been known to reach Australia, and just how he did it is still unknown.

NBC News reported that after 20 days in the care of Carol Biddulph, a seabird rehabilitator and registered wildlife caretaker, and her husband Graham, a veterinarian, the bird gained enough weight and strength to be released into the Southern Ocean. The Western Australia parks department said:

Emperor penguins are known to travel up to 1,600 km [1,000 mi] on foraging trips, and we’re optimistic this remarkable bird is ready to continue its voyage.

The adventure of Gus, the emperor penguin

The first emperor penguin to arrive in Australia has become famous around the world. And with good reason! You don’t get to see a penguin on the beach every day. When Gus arrived at Ocean Beach in Western Australia, it was some local surfers who found him and asked for help.

When the emperor penguin first came into the hands of Carol Biddulph, the poor animal was malnourished and weighed only 50 pounds (23 kg). An adult male emperor penguin weighs about 89 pounds (40 kg). Carol did not know if he would make it. When she began feeding him, she even resorted to liquid food and, days later, she offered him solid food, such as fish.

This strong penguin demonstrated his will to live. That was when Carol thought of the emperors of the past and named him Gus, after the Roman emperor Augustus. On Wednesday, November 20, after a final veterinary check, his caretakers released Gus from a vessel off the southern coast of Western Australia, in the hope that he could join the rest of the emperors in Antarctica.

The park department said the animal was not fitted with a tracker. So, the service is asking members of the public to report any further sighting of the emperor penguin to the Wildcare Helpline.

Facts about emperor penguins

The emperor penguin is the largest penguin in the world. An individual can measure up to 4 feet (1.2 m) in height and weigh between 44 and 88 pounds (20 and 40 kg). These animals only live in Antarctica, on the ice and in the extremely cold waters of the South Pole.

In addition, they cannot fly like other birds, since their wings are rigid and flattened, as if they were paddles. However, this shape makes them ideal for swimming and diving. In fact, emperor penguins are able to dive in the ocean to a depth of more than 1,650 feet (500 m), farther than any other bird.

They can also stay underwater for more than 20 minutes and swim at speeds of up to 19 miles per hour (30 kmh), although this is only for short periods. Their normal speed is usually between 2.5 and 6.2 miles per hour (4 and 10 kmh).

Emperor penguin: Head and breast of 3 standing birds. They have smooth gray and white coats with patches of orange on head and neck.
Emperor penguins are the largest species of penguin. They cannot fly, but they are amazing swimmers and divers. Image via Bob Brewer/ Unsplash.

What is life like for an emperor penguin?

These magnificent creatures have developed techniques for living in the cold. They can even withstand wind chills of up to -76 F (-60 C). When temperatures are this low, penguins huddle together to protect themselves from the wind and stay warm.

Emperor penguins are also generous, as each takes turns moving into the middle of the group, where they are more sheltered and warmer. When one penguin has warmed up a bit, it goes back to the outside of the group so that others can move in.

For an emperor penguin, it’s better to be cold than hot. That’s because these animals have an excellent coat. Emperor penguins look like they’re wearing a formal outfit of a white shirt and black jacket. But their body is covered by a dense layer of feathers, about 15 feathers per square centimeter. The life expectancy of this bird is approximately 20 years, although some members of this species have been known to live up to 50 years.

Large crowd of black and white birds with patches of orange on their heads, standing on ice.
Penguins prefer cold temperatures and only live in Antarctica. The have a dense plumage. Image via Martin Wettstein/ Unsplash.

Emperor penguins are phenomenal parents

Another example of their strength is that the emperor is the only penguin species that breeds and raises its young during the harsh Antarctic fall and winter. It is also the only penguin species that raises its young on the ice and without the help of nests.

Females lay a single egg and pass it to the male, who is in charge of protecting and incubating it while the females go fishing to eat. Incubation lasts 62 to 64 days, and during this time, the male does not move or eat until the female returns. Because of this, these loving parents can lose more than 22 pounds (10 kg) of weight during this process.

Emperor penguins have a unique communication system to locate their mate and chicks. This series of vocalizations is more complex than those of other species.

A dozen standing black-and-white penguins, with a small, fuzzy gray chick.
Penguins are sociable creatures that live in a community. Also, they are great parents! Image via Pixabay/ Pexels.

Sociable creatures

It’s no wonder that poor Gus was given a mirror, so he wouldn’t feel alone while Graham and Carol Biddulph were taking care of him. As you can see, these creatures are super sociable and live in a community. Perhaps the penguins in his community in Antarctica missed Gus as much as he probably missed them. We at EarthSky hope he gets home safe and sound!

Little black, white, and gray chick tucked under the soft white belly feathers of its father.
Female emperor penguins lay just 1 egg and pass it to their mates, who protect and incubate it while the females go fishing. Image via Pixabay/ Pexels.

Bottom line: An emperor penguin, normally a resident of Antarctica, reached the temperate waters of Australia. How is that possible? Read more about penguin Gus and his adventure through the seas.

Via:

NBC News

The Associated Press

The Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions

Read more: Salmon, coming home after a century, are our lifeform of the week

Read more: Carnivorous wolves have a sweet tooth: Lifeform of the week

The post Emperor penguin reaches Australia: Lifeform of the week first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/bAK82ZY

See the best northern lights photos of 2024

Northern lights photos: Mountainous landscape with water in the front and the Milky Way and streaks of color in the sky.
Tom Rae captured this image at Aoraki/Mt. Cook National Park in New Zealand in May 2024 and wrote: “This aurora display was one of the most breathtaking sights I’ve ever witnessed. The excitement was shared by everyone under the stars, as this aurora was potentially the strongest in a century. The image features a rare stable auroral red (SAR) arc, an atmospheric phenomenon that added to the spectacle, alongside the glow of billions of stars in the Milky Way.” Image via Capture the Atlas. See more of the best northern lights photos below.

Best northern lights photos of 2024

It’s been an incredible year for seeing the aurora. The sun’s 11-year cycle is at its peak. And – if you follow EarthSky’s daily sun news post – you know we had some amazing nights with far-reaching auroras, particularly on May 10 and October 10. Now Dan Zafra is back with his travel photography blog Capture the Atlas featuring this year’s best aurora photos. We’re sharing 10 of them here at EarthSky; see all 25 at Capture the Atlas. The submissions here encompass both the northern and southern lights.

Do you have a great image of the aurora to share? You can submit it to us at EarthSky Community Photos.

The 2025 EarthSky Lunar Calendar is now available! A unique and beautiful poster-sized calendar. Makes a great gift. Get yours today!

Paddling Under the Aurora by Herry Himanshu

A person on a paddleboard on a lake with a light on their head, mountains behind and aurora above.
Herry Himanshu captured this image in Banff National Park, Canada. Herry wrote: “As soon as it got dark, the aurora came out swinging, with vivid hues of reds, pinks and purples dancing across the sky. One brave friend took a standup paddleboard out on the lake and modeled for us beneath the insane light show. She was the perfect complement to the aurora and the mountainous landscape.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Lake Toolondo Aurora by Baillie Farley

Leafless trees sitting in a lake with red streamers behind and the Magellanic clouds.
Baillie Farley captured this image from Lake Toolondo, Australia. Baillie wrote: “A massive geomagnetic storm illuminated the sky with bursts of red, orange and pink, dancing above the still waters. The colors reflected off the lake, creating an almost mirror-like effect that felt surreal to witness. The dead trees along the shoreline stood silhouetted against the night sky as the aurora rippled and shimmered, turning the entire scene into something out of a dream.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

In the Rays of the Solar Wind by Sergey Korolev

Icy formations in water with green aurora in the sky.
Sergey Korolev captured this image in Russia. Sergey wrote: “The Rybachy Peninsula, where this photo was taken, is located at the northern edge of the Kola Peninsula. It’s a unique natural area, home to many fascinating locations with numerous stone beaches and rocks featuring unusual shapes and structures. For this shot, I wanted to create a concept that emphasized the significance of the location, with the northern lights serving as a complement to the landscape. This time, the aurora was particularly powerful, casting a beautiful light over the stones. Image via Capture the Atlas.

Sky and Ice by Henry Frakes

An ice climber on blue-lit ice with a rocky landscape behind and colorful aurora in the sky.
Henry Frakes captured this image at Mount Aspiring National Park, New Zealand. Henry wrote: “As someone passionate about both the night sky and climbing, I had always wanted to capture climbing under the stars. We carried our ice climbing gear up the track and onto the glacier … a perfect spot for climbing, easy access, and, being so remote, an ideal location for photographing the aurora.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Celestial Reflection by Max Trafford

Green and purple streamers in the sky and reflected in water with a green landscape.
Max Trafford captured this image from Dartmoor National Park, United Kingdom. Max wrote: “After a long day at work and a steady stream of aurora alerts on my phone, I left at 5 p.m., grabbed my camera gear, and headed to the darkest spot I knew. For nearly 2 hours, I was immersed in the experience, my face lighting up with a smile the whole time. Witnessing such an incredible spectacle in the UK made the sleepless night absolutely worth it!” Image via Capture the Atlas.

When the Aurora Meets the Milky Way by Janis Palulis

A lone tree in a field with the Milky Way on the left and aurora on the right.
Janis Palulis captured this image from Bauska, Latvia. Janis wrote: “On that night, I had originally planned to photograph the Perseid meteor shower. But the aurora forecast also looked promising, though it wasn’t my main focus at the time. I took a few photos of the stars, and then I noticed a pink glow in the corner of the sky. It was the aurora!” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Cosmic Explosion by Uroš Fink

A house alone on a spit of land with colorful sky, Milky Way and arcing meteors above.
Uroš Fink captured this image from Istria, Croatia. Uroš wrote: “I captured the Milky Way arch with Orion, the aurora (a first for me), the zodiacal light, and the Perseid meteors. As if that wasn’t enough, the sky gifted me with one of the most stunning greenish airglows I’ve ever seen. Oh, and I almost forgot to mention the close conjunction of Jupiter and Mars, right along the path of the zodiacal light. Meteors rained down throughout the night, and I captured 75 of them using 3 cameras. I used the RegiStar software to seamlessly insert the meteors to the panorama in the exactly same spots as they appeared in the sky this night.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Auroras en el Infierno by Edén Sánchez

A rocky shoreline with an arch and prominent rocky outcrop with red arcing in the sky behind.
Edén Sánchez captured this image from Asturias, Spain. Edén wrote: “Seeing the northern lights with such intensity in Asturias is a dream come true. I remember talking with friends years ago, saying, ‘All we’re missing are the auroras …’ And that day finally arrived!” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Magic of the North by Josh Beames

An erupting volcano below and green aurora in the sky.
Josh Beames captured this image from Iceland. Josh wrote: “During my annual Iceland workshop, our group witnessed the sheer power of nature as Iceland’s most recent active volcano erupted just days before. After spending hours shooting and soaking in the incredible scene, we started to wrap up and head back to the car. Then, to our amazement, the northern lights began dancing across the sky! I quickly launched the drone, sending it on a mission to capture this wild spectacle.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Bottom line: The blog Capture the Atlas announced its 2024 Northern Lights Photographer of the Year contest. This annual edition showcases 25 of the best aurora photos taken from all over the world. See some of the best northern lights photos in the world here.

Via Capture the Atlas

The post See the best northern lights photos of 2024 first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/UCvOD6s
Northern lights photos: Mountainous landscape with water in the front and the Milky Way and streaks of color in the sky.
Tom Rae captured this image at Aoraki/Mt. Cook National Park in New Zealand in May 2024 and wrote: “This aurora display was one of the most breathtaking sights I’ve ever witnessed. The excitement was shared by everyone under the stars, as this aurora was potentially the strongest in a century. The image features a rare stable auroral red (SAR) arc, an atmospheric phenomenon that added to the spectacle, alongside the glow of billions of stars in the Milky Way.” Image via Capture the Atlas. See more of the best northern lights photos below.

Best northern lights photos of 2024

It’s been an incredible year for seeing the aurora. The sun’s 11-year cycle is at its peak. And – if you follow EarthSky’s daily sun news post – you know we had some amazing nights with far-reaching auroras, particularly on May 10 and October 10. Now Dan Zafra is back with his travel photography blog Capture the Atlas featuring this year’s best aurora photos. We’re sharing 10 of them here at EarthSky; see all 25 at Capture the Atlas. The submissions here encompass both the northern and southern lights.

Do you have a great image of the aurora to share? You can submit it to us at EarthSky Community Photos.

The 2025 EarthSky Lunar Calendar is now available! A unique and beautiful poster-sized calendar. Makes a great gift. Get yours today!

Paddling Under the Aurora by Herry Himanshu

A person on a paddleboard on a lake with a light on their head, mountains behind and aurora above.
Herry Himanshu captured this image in Banff National Park, Canada. Herry wrote: “As soon as it got dark, the aurora came out swinging, with vivid hues of reds, pinks and purples dancing across the sky. One brave friend took a standup paddleboard out on the lake and modeled for us beneath the insane light show. She was the perfect complement to the aurora and the mountainous landscape.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Lake Toolondo Aurora by Baillie Farley

Leafless trees sitting in a lake with red streamers behind and the Magellanic clouds.
Baillie Farley captured this image from Lake Toolondo, Australia. Baillie wrote: “A massive geomagnetic storm illuminated the sky with bursts of red, orange and pink, dancing above the still waters. The colors reflected off the lake, creating an almost mirror-like effect that felt surreal to witness. The dead trees along the shoreline stood silhouetted against the night sky as the aurora rippled and shimmered, turning the entire scene into something out of a dream.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

In the Rays of the Solar Wind by Sergey Korolev

Icy formations in water with green aurora in the sky.
Sergey Korolev captured this image in Russia. Sergey wrote: “The Rybachy Peninsula, where this photo was taken, is located at the northern edge of the Kola Peninsula. It’s a unique natural area, home to many fascinating locations with numerous stone beaches and rocks featuring unusual shapes and structures. For this shot, I wanted to create a concept that emphasized the significance of the location, with the northern lights serving as a complement to the landscape. This time, the aurora was particularly powerful, casting a beautiful light over the stones. Image via Capture the Atlas.

Sky and Ice by Henry Frakes

An ice climber on blue-lit ice with a rocky landscape behind and colorful aurora in the sky.
Henry Frakes captured this image at Mount Aspiring National Park, New Zealand. Henry wrote: “As someone passionate about both the night sky and climbing, I had always wanted to capture climbing under the stars. We carried our ice climbing gear up the track and onto the glacier … a perfect spot for climbing, easy access, and, being so remote, an ideal location for photographing the aurora.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Celestial Reflection by Max Trafford

Green and purple streamers in the sky and reflected in water with a green landscape.
Max Trafford captured this image from Dartmoor National Park, United Kingdom. Max wrote: “After a long day at work and a steady stream of aurora alerts on my phone, I left at 5 p.m., grabbed my camera gear, and headed to the darkest spot I knew. For nearly 2 hours, I was immersed in the experience, my face lighting up with a smile the whole time. Witnessing such an incredible spectacle in the UK made the sleepless night absolutely worth it!” Image via Capture the Atlas.

When the Aurora Meets the Milky Way by Janis Palulis

A lone tree in a field with the Milky Way on the left and aurora on the right.
Janis Palulis captured this image from Bauska, Latvia. Janis wrote: “On that night, I had originally planned to photograph the Perseid meteor shower. But the aurora forecast also looked promising, though it wasn’t my main focus at the time. I took a few photos of the stars, and then I noticed a pink glow in the corner of the sky. It was the aurora!” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Cosmic Explosion by Uroš Fink

A house alone on a spit of land with colorful sky, Milky Way and arcing meteors above.
Uroš Fink captured this image from Istria, Croatia. Uroš wrote: “I captured the Milky Way arch with Orion, the aurora (a first for me), the zodiacal light, and the Perseid meteors. As if that wasn’t enough, the sky gifted me with one of the most stunning greenish airglows I’ve ever seen. Oh, and I almost forgot to mention the close conjunction of Jupiter and Mars, right along the path of the zodiacal light. Meteors rained down throughout the night, and I captured 75 of them using 3 cameras. I used the RegiStar software to seamlessly insert the meteors to the panorama in the exactly same spots as they appeared in the sky this night.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Auroras en el Infierno by Edén Sánchez

A rocky shoreline with an arch and prominent rocky outcrop with red arcing in the sky behind.
Edén Sánchez captured this image from Asturias, Spain. Edén wrote: “Seeing the northern lights with such intensity in Asturias is a dream come true. I remember talking with friends years ago, saying, ‘All we’re missing are the auroras …’ And that day finally arrived!” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Magic of the North by Josh Beames

An erupting volcano below and green aurora in the sky.
Josh Beames captured this image from Iceland. Josh wrote: “During my annual Iceland workshop, our group witnessed the sheer power of nature as Iceland’s most recent active volcano erupted just days before. After spending hours shooting and soaking in the incredible scene, we started to wrap up and head back to the car. Then, to our amazement, the northern lights began dancing across the sky! I quickly launched the drone, sending it on a mission to capture this wild spectacle.” Image via Capture the Atlas.

Bottom line: The blog Capture the Atlas announced its 2024 Northern Lights Photographer of the Year contest. This annual edition showcases 25 of the best aurora photos taken from all over the world. See some of the best northern lights photos in the world here.

Via Capture the Atlas

The post See the best northern lights photos of 2024 first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/UCvOD6s

Messier objects are fuzzy patches in the night sky

What are Messier objects: Chart with 110 small photos of fuzzy objects including galaxies, nebulae, and star clusters.
View larger. | What are Messier objects? Here are all 110 Messier objects with their respective M numbers. Image via Wikipedia.

The complete list of 110 Messier objects is called the Messier Catalog. And they are classified in three broad categories, as either nebulae, star clusters or galaxies.

What are Messier objects?

The Messier list starts with 103 deep-sky objects by the 18th century French astronomer Charles Messier. Eventually, seven more additions in the 20th century, bring the list up to 110 objects. Specifically, these deep-sky objects refer to astronomical bodies other than stars or planets. The Messier objects all appear as fuzzy, nebulous patches in the sky.

The names of Messier objects come from their number in the original catalog by Charles Messier. For example, the Pleiades star cluster is number 45, Messier 45 or simply M45. In addition to their numbers, many Messier objects have common names, such as the Pleiades, aka the 7 Sisters.

A small telescope can easily observe Messier objects. And a few are visible using only binoculars or even just the eye alone.

Since all the Messier objects are fairly bright, finding Messier objects is an ideal project for the beginning stargazer.

A Messier marathon: See all Messier objects

In addition, every year in March, all 110 Messier objects are visible during a single night. Stargazers around the world take advantage of this coincidence and plan a so-called Messier marathon. Basically, participants use telescopes or binoculars and attempt to see as many Messier objects as possible throughout 12 continuous hours of darkness. In order to see them all, observations must start at sunset and end at sunrise the following morning. Anyone observing 100 or more objects is happy with their results.

However, remember a few Messier objects are hard to catch because they are only visible very close to the horizon. For best results, use a Messier marathon search sequence list and hunt down the objects in order. First, right after sunset, find the galaxies M77 and M74. Last, just before dawn, catch the globular clusters M72 and M30 plus the asterism M73. The date for a Messier marathon is always on the new moon nearest the spring equinox. You can relax off and on during the night while waiting for the next batch of Messier objects to rise. Or enjoy other wonderful deep-sky objects keeping you busy all night.

A bit of history

Ironically, Charles Messier never intended to compile a list of deep-sky objects. Because Messier was a comet hunter, he began cataloging nebulous objects that are often mistaken for comets. In short, those nebulous objects also appear as visually diffuse bodies, just like a comet. Comets were important in the 18th century because astronomers were tracking their orbits. That data successfully validated Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Messier is credited with discovering 13 comets. But ironically, Messier is remembered more for his Messier catalog than for his comet discoveries.

Out of the 110 Messier objects, 41 are Messier’s observations. The first edition of the catalog came out in 1774, containing only 45 objects. Successive editions expanded the list, with another edition appearing in 1781 bringing the total to 103 objects. Astronomy writer Camille Flammarion – also a Frenchman – added object number 104 from Messier’s notes. Finally, some astronomers published a revised version in 1967, bringing the total up to 110 Messier objects.

Messier lived and worked in Paris, France, at a latitude of 49 degrees north. Hence, he only could observe the entire northern celestial hemisphere, and about half of the southern sky. Consequently, this explains why some notable southern objects, like the globular cluster Omega Centauri, are not on the list. Plus, the bright Eta Carinae Nebula is not a Messier object. Also, the very obvious Perseus Double Cluster in the northern celestial hemisphere is not included on the list.

Messier 45, the Pleiades

Large area of light blue nebulosity with bright stars immersed within and numerous faint stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Martin Curran in Cheyenne, Wyoming, captured this telescopic view of the Pleiades Star Cluster, in the constellation Taurus, on November 29, 2024. Martin wrote: “296 frames at 60 seconds each. Not a particularly difficult target for sure but this was first light in the new observatory which allowed me to image on a night where the winds would have ruined all my shots.” Thank you, Martin!

Messier 31, the Andromeda Galaxy

Oblique view of a large spiral galaxy with a bright nucleus, dark lanes and thousands of foreground stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Jan Curtis in Cheyenne, Wyoming, caught Messier 31, the Andromeda Galaxy, on September 25, 2024. Jan wrote: “M31 is well-placed this time of year for all-night viewing.” Thank you, Jan!

Messier 13, The great globular cluster in Hercules

A large, spherical cluster containing thousands of bright yellowish stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Stephen Montag in Livingston, New Jersey, captured this telescopic view of Messier 13 on May 24, 2024. Stephen wrote: “The Great Hercules Cluster, consisting of several hundred thousand stars. Located 25,000 light-years from Earth.” Thank you, Stephen!

Messier 42, the Orion Nebula

Large swirls of mixed purple and blue nebulosity over a background of prolific stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Andy Dungan near Cotopaxi, Colorado, captured this telescopic view of the Orion Nebula on October 4, 2024. Andy wrote: “I recently took a pic of Orion [look here] using an Antlia RGB enhancer. This photo turned out much bluer. Both pics are fun and I think I like the bluer one better. Orion is such a wonderful object to explore.” Thank you, Andy!

Useful references for Messier objects

A nice reference for stargazers with a telescope is a book titled Deep-Sky Companions: The Messier objects, now in its second edition. Written by the renowned amateur astronomer Stephen James O’Meara, this book includes over 100 drawings from pencil illustrating the true visual appearance of Messier objects, as viewed from Hawaii with a small refracting telescope.

NASA has a beautiful photographic gallery of some Messier objects from the Hubble Space Telescope.

Bottom line: Messier objects are a list of 110 star clusters, nebulae and galaxies, compiled by comet-hunter Charles Messier in the 1700s.

The post Messier objects are fuzzy patches in the night sky first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/OGEtwZB
What are Messier objects: Chart with 110 small photos of fuzzy objects including galaxies, nebulae, and star clusters.
View larger. | What are Messier objects? Here are all 110 Messier objects with their respective M numbers. Image via Wikipedia.

The complete list of 110 Messier objects is called the Messier Catalog. And they are classified in three broad categories, as either nebulae, star clusters or galaxies.

What are Messier objects?

The Messier list starts with 103 deep-sky objects by the 18th century French astronomer Charles Messier. Eventually, seven more additions in the 20th century, bring the list up to 110 objects. Specifically, these deep-sky objects refer to astronomical bodies other than stars or planets. The Messier objects all appear as fuzzy, nebulous patches in the sky.

The names of Messier objects come from their number in the original catalog by Charles Messier. For example, the Pleiades star cluster is number 45, Messier 45 or simply M45. In addition to their numbers, many Messier objects have common names, such as the Pleiades, aka the 7 Sisters.

A small telescope can easily observe Messier objects. And a few are visible using only binoculars or even just the eye alone.

Since all the Messier objects are fairly bright, finding Messier objects is an ideal project for the beginning stargazer.

A Messier marathon: See all Messier objects

In addition, every year in March, all 110 Messier objects are visible during a single night. Stargazers around the world take advantage of this coincidence and plan a so-called Messier marathon. Basically, participants use telescopes or binoculars and attempt to see as many Messier objects as possible throughout 12 continuous hours of darkness. In order to see them all, observations must start at sunset and end at sunrise the following morning. Anyone observing 100 or more objects is happy with their results.

However, remember a few Messier objects are hard to catch because they are only visible very close to the horizon. For best results, use a Messier marathon search sequence list and hunt down the objects in order. First, right after sunset, find the galaxies M77 and M74. Last, just before dawn, catch the globular clusters M72 and M30 plus the asterism M73. The date for a Messier marathon is always on the new moon nearest the spring equinox. You can relax off and on during the night while waiting for the next batch of Messier objects to rise. Or enjoy other wonderful deep-sky objects keeping you busy all night.

A bit of history

Ironically, Charles Messier never intended to compile a list of deep-sky objects. Because Messier was a comet hunter, he began cataloging nebulous objects that are often mistaken for comets. In short, those nebulous objects also appear as visually diffuse bodies, just like a comet. Comets were important in the 18th century because astronomers were tracking their orbits. That data successfully validated Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Messier is credited with discovering 13 comets. But ironically, Messier is remembered more for his Messier catalog than for his comet discoveries.

Out of the 110 Messier objects, 41 are Messier’s observations. The first edition of the catalog came out in 1774, containing only 45 objects. Successive editions expanded the list, with another edition appearing in 1781 bringing the total to 103 objects. Astronomy writer Camille Flammarion – also a Frenchman – added object number 104 from Messier’s notes. Finally, some astronomers published a revised version in 1967, bringing the total up to 110 Messier objects.

Messier lived and worked in Paris, France, at a latitude of 49 degrees north. Hence, he only could observe the entire northern celestial hemisphere, and about half of the southern sky. Consequently, this explains why some notable southern objects, like the globular cluster Omega Centauri, are not on the list. Plus, the bright Eta Carinae Nebula is not a Messier object. Also, the very obvious Perseus Double Cluster in the northern celestial hemisphere is not included on the list.

Messier 45, the Pleiades

Large area of light blue nebulosity with bright stars immersed within and numerous faint stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Martin Curran in Cheyenne, Wyoming, captured this telescopic view of the Pleiades Star Cluster, in the constellation Taurus, on November 29, 2024. Martin wrote: “296 frames at 60 seconds each. Not a particularly difficult target for sure but this was first light in the new observatory which allowed me to image on a night where the winds would have ruined all my shots.” Thank you, Martin!

Messier 31, the Andromeda Galaxy

Oblique view of a large spiral galaxy with a bright nucleus, dark lanes and thousands of foreground stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Jan Curtis in Cheyenne, Wyoming, caught Messier 31, the Andromeda Galaxy, on September 25, 2024. Jan wrote: “M31 is well-placed this time of year for all-night viewing.” Thank you, Jan!

Messier 13, The great globular cluster in Hercules

A large, spherical cluster containing thousands of bright yellowish stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Stephen Montag in Livingston, New Jersey, captured this telescopic view of Messier 13 on May 24, 2024. Stephen wrote: “The Great Hercules Cluster, consisting of several hundred thousand stars. Located 25,000 light-years from Earth.” Thank you, Stephen!

Messier 42, the Orion Nebula

Large swirls of mixed purple and blue nebulosity over a background of prolific stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Andy Dungan near Cotopaxi, Colorado, captured this telescopic view of the Orion Nebula on October 4, 2024. Andy wrote: “I recently took a pic of Orion [look here] using an Antlia RGB enhancer. This photo turned out much bluer. Both pics are fun and I think I like the bluer one better. Orion is such a wonderful object to explore.” Thank you, Andy!

Useful references for Messier objects

A nice reference for stargazers with a telescope is a book titled Deep-Sky Companions: The Messier objects, now in its second edition. Written by the renowned amateur astronomer Stephen James O’Meara, this book includes over 100 drawings from pencil illustrating the true visual appearance of Messier objects, as viewed from Hawaii with a small refracting telescope.

NASA has a beautiful photographic gallery of some Messier objects from the Hubble Space Telescope.

Bottom line: Messier objects are a list of 110 star clusters, nebulae and galaxies, compiled by comet-hunter Charles Messier in the 1700s.

The post Messier objects are fuzzy patches in the night sky first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/OGEtwZB

Retrograde motion for Mars starts today

A series of many red dots, making a line that arcs back for part of its length, in a starry sky.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | This composite image, by Paolo Bardelli in Italy, shows the motion of the planet Mars in front of the stars over 7 months in 2022 and 2023. That was when, as measured against the fixed stars, Mars appeared to change its normal course of motion – eastward in front of the stars – and, for a time, to move westward. This “backward” motion of the planets is called retrograde motion. In 2024, the planet Mars will start its retrograde motion on December 7. Thank you, Paolo!

The retrograde or “backward” motion of an outer planet – like Jupiter, Saturn or Mars – is an illusion, a trick of perspective. Mars will begin its retrograde motion on Saturday, December 7, 2024. This is a milestone in the mutual orbits of Earth and Mars around the sun. It means Mars is about to appear at its brightest in our sky!

The 2025 EarthSky lunar calendar makes a great gift. Get yours today!

Some retrograde motion is an illusion

As measured against the fixed stars, planets typically appear to move eastward. But, sometimes, they seem to pause briefly in this eastward motion. They reach what astronomers call a stationary point. Then, for some months, the planet moves westward (backward) in front of the stars. That’s what’s happening with Mars today. It reaches a stationary point – for the first time in about two years – at 21 UTC on December 7, 2024. Soon, Mars will begin moving opposite its normal motion, westward in front of the stars. Astronomers (and astrologers) call a planet’s westward motion its retrograde motion.

Though it baffled ancient stargazers, we know now that this type of retrograde motion is an illusion.

You can experience this illusion in an earthbound way, the next time you pass a car on the highway. As you approach a slower car, it’s clearly moving in the same direction you are. But, as you pull alongside and pass it – from your vantage point in the faster car – the slower car may appear to move backwards for a moment. Then, as you pull ahead of it, the car appears to resume its forward motion.

The same thing is happening as Earth prepares to pass the slower-moving planet Mars on January 15-16, 2025. When we go between the sun and Mars (or another outer planet), these planets – all of which move more slowly than Earth in orbit – appear to reverse course in our sky.

Retrograde motion for Mars will continue through mid-February 2025. Afterwards – as Earth pulls ahead of Mars in our smaller, faster orbit – we’ll see Mars resume its eastward motion again.

Read more: Why is Mars sometimes bright and sometimes faint?

Mars making a retrograde loop in front of stars.
An animation showing the retrograde motion of Mars in the summer of 2003. Planets typically move toward the east in front of the stars. When they move west, they’re said to be undergoing retrograde motion. The illusion is caused by our perspective, as seen from Earth. Image via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Diagram with orbits of inner and outer planets and lines of sight between them at different positions.
A schematic of how retrograde motion works when Earth (T) passes an outer planet (P) as they both orbit the sun (S). The changing viewing angle from Earth makes the projection of the planet against the celestial sphere (A) move backwards (A2-A4) as we pass the slower, outer planet. Image via Wikimedia Commons (GFDL).

It baffled early astronomers

Early astronomers believed Earth lay at the center of the universe. And so they went to complicated lengths to attempt to explain retrograde motion in that Earth-centered universe. They theorized each planet not only orbited Earth, but also spun around a moving point on their orbit known as an epicycle.

Imagine whipping a ball on a length of string around your hand while you turned in place. That’s similar to the ancient view of retrograde motion.

When it became generally accepted that Earth and the other planets orbited the sun, suddenly retrograde motion made a lot more sense.

Diagram: Large circular orbits around Earth, with a smaller circle within one of the large orbits.
A schematic of how astronomers envisioned the motion of the planets before Copernicus. The Earth sat near the center of the universe. The planets moved around a small circle (the epicycle) which in turn moved along a larger circle (the deferent). The deferent was centered on a point (X) midway between the Earth and another spot called the equant. Image via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

Retrograde motion on other worlds

If you could see the sky from another planet besides Earth, retrograde illusions would lead to your seeing some very strange phenomena. On Mercury, for example, the sun sometimes appears to move in retrograde. As Mercury speeds through its closest approach to the sun, its orbital speed overtakes its rotational speed. An astronaut on the surface would see the sun partially rise, then dip back below the horizon, then rise again before resuming its east-to-west trek across the sky. The result is that, once a year, Mercury gets two sunrises on the same day!

Other retrograde motion is real

Astronomers also use the word retrograde to describe true backward motion among planets and moons.

Venus, for example, rotates or spins on its axis in the opposite direction from every other planet in the solar system. If the clouds ever parted, hypothetical Venusians would see the sun rise in the west and set in the east. Astronomers would say that Venus rotates in a retrograde manner.

Some moons also have retrograde orbits around their planets. In other words, most of the large moons orbit in the same direction that their planet spins. But that’s not true of Triton, for example, the largest moon of Neptune. It orbits opposite the direction of Neptune’s spin.

Among the smaller asteroid-like moons that swarm about the giant planets, many have retrograde orbits.

It’s the same word: retrograde. But now there’s no illusion. Whether speaking of a planet’s rotation – or its orbit – if it’s opposite what you’d expect, astronomers call it retrograde.

Light-colored, blotchy planet-like body half in shadow.
A photomosaic from Voyager 2 of Neptune’s largest moon, Triton. The moon orbits Neptune opposite the direction that the planet rotates. Does this mean that Triton came from the Kuiper Belt and was eventually captured by the ice giant? Image via NASA/ Jet Propulsion Lab/ U.S. Geological Survey.

How does it happen?

According to modern astronomers, a true retrograde orbit for an orbiting moon most likely stems from a capture. Triton, for example, might have come out of the Kuiper Belt, the region of icy debris beyond Neptune. Perhaps a collision in the belt sent Triton careening inward toward the sun. A close encounter with Neptune could have slowed it down, forcing it to settle into a backward orbit.

In past decades, astronomers have also discovered planets in distant solar systems with retrograde orbits. These exoplanets orbit their suns in the opposite direction from how the star rotates.

It’s puzzling, because planets form out of debris disks that orbit young stars. And those orbiting disks share the star’s rotation. So how does a planet end up with a true backward orbit? The only way – some astronomers believe – is either by a near-collision with another planet, or if another star once passed too close to the system.

Either way, close encounters can disrupt the orbits of planets and set them on a backward path!

Bottom line: The red planet Mars will start its retrograde motion on December 7, 2024. It’ll pause briefly in front of the stars, and then begin moving westward.

Read more: Why is Mars sometimes bright and sometimes faint?

The post Retrograde motion for Mars starts today first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/8gy7ZbE
A series of many red dots, making a line that arcs back for part of its length, in a starry sky.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | This composite image, by Paolo Bardelli in Italy, shows the motion of the planet Mars in front of the stars over 7 months in 2022 and 2023. That was when, as measured against the fixed stars, Mars appeared to change its normal course of motion – eastward in front of the stars – and, for a time, to move westward. This “backward” motion of the planets is called retrograde motion. In 2024, the planet Mars will start its retrograde motion on December 7. Thank you, Paolo!

The retrograde or “backward” motion of an outer planet – like Jupiter, Saturn or Mars – is an illusion, a trick of perspective. Mars will begin its retrograde motion on Saturday, December 7, 2024. This is a milestone in the mutual orbits of Earth and Mars around the sun. It means Mars is about to appear at its brightest in our sky!

The 2025 EarthSky lunar calendar makes a great gift. Get yours today!

Some retrograde motion is an illusion

As measured against the fixed stars, planets typically appear to move eastward. But, sometimes, they seem to pause briefly in this eastward motion. They reach what astronomers call a stationary point. Then, for some months, the planet moves westward (backward) in front of the stars. That’s what’s happening with Mars today. It reaches a stationary point – for the first time in about two years – at 21 UTC on December 7, 2024. Soon, Mars will begin moving opposite its normal motion, westward in front of the stars. Astronomers (and astrologers) call a planet’s westward motion its retrograde motion.

Though it baffled ancient stargazers, we know now that this type of retrograde motion is an illusion.

You can experience this illusion in an earthbound way, the next time you pass a car on the highway. As you approach a slower car, it’s clearly moving in the same direction you are. But, as you pull alongside and pass it – from your vantage point in the faster car – the slower car may appear to move backwards for a moment. Then, as you pull ahead of it, the car appears to resume its forward motion.

The same thing is happening as Earth prepares to pass the slower-moving planet Mars on January 15-16, 2025. When we go between the sun and Mars (or another outer planet), these planets – all of which move more slowly than Earth in orbit – appear to reverse course in our sky.

Retrograde motion for Mars will continue through mid-February 2025. Afterwards – as Earth pulls ahead of Mars in our smaller, faster orbit – we’ll see Mars resume its eastward motion again.

Read more: Why is Mars sometimes bright and sometimes faint?

Mars making a retrograde loop in front of stars.
An animation showing the retrograde motion of Mars in the summer of 2003. Planets typically move toward the east in front of the stars. When they move west, they’re said to be undergoing retrograde motion. The illusion is caused by our perspective, as seen from Earth. Image via Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0).
Diagram with orbits of inner and outer planets and lines of sight between them at different positions.
A schematic of how retrograde motion works when Earth (T) passes an outer planet (P) as they both orbit the sun (S). The changing viewing angle from Earth makes the projection of the planet against the celestial sphere (A) move backwards (A2-A4) as we pass the slower, outer planet. Image via Wikimedia Commons (GFDL).

It baffled early astronomers

Early astronomers believed Earth lay at the center of the universe. And so they went to complicated lengths to attempt to explain retrograde motion in that Earth-centered universe. They theorized each planet not only orbited Earth, but also spun around a moving point on their orbit known as an epicycle.

Imagine whipping a ball on a length of string around your hand while you turned in place. That’s similar to the ancient view of retrograde motion.

When it became generally accepted that Earth and the other planets orbited the sun, suddenly retrograde motion made a lot more sense.

Diagram: Large circular orbits around Earth, with a smaller circle within one of the large orbits.
A schematic of how astronomers envisioned the motion of the planets before Copernicus. The Earth sat near the center of the universe. The planets moved around a small circle (the epicycle) which in turn moved along a larger circle (the deferent). The deferent was centered on a point (X) midway between the Earth and another spot called the equant. Image via Wikimedia Commons (public domain).

Retrograde motion on other worlds

If you could see the sky from another planet besides Earth, retrograde illusions would lead to your seeing some very strange phenomena. On Mercury, for example, the sun sometimes appears to move in retrograde. As Mercury speeds through its closest approach to the sun, its orbital speed overtakes its rotational speed. An astronaut on the surface would see the sun partially rise, then dip back below the horizon, then rise again before resuming its east-to-west trek across the sky. The result is that, once a year, Mercury gets two sunrises on the same day!

Other retrograde motion is real

Astronomers also use the word retrograde to describe true backward motion among planets and moons.

Venus, for example, rotates or spins on its axis in the opposite direction from every other planet in the solar system. If the clouds ever parted, hypothetical Venusians would see the sun rise in the west and set in the east. Astronomers would say that Venus rotates in a retrograde manner.

Some moons also have retrograde orbits around their planets. In other words, most of the large moons orbit in the same direction that their planet spins. But that’s not true of Triton, for example, the largest moon of Neptune. It orbits opposite the direction of Neptune’s spin.

Among the smaller asteroid-like moons that swarm about the giant planets, many have retrograde orbits.

It’s the same word: retrograde. But now there’s no illusion. Whether speaking of a planet’s rotation – or its orbit – if it’s opposite what you’d expect, astronomers call it retrograde.

Light-colored, blotchy planet-like body half in shadow.
A photomosaic from Voyager 2 of Neptune’s largest moon, Triton. The moon orbits Neptune opposite the direction that the planet rotates. Does this mean that Triton came from the Kuiper Belt and was eventually captured by the ice giant? Image via NASA/ Jet Propulsion Lab/ U.S. Geological Survey.

How does it happen?

According to modern astronomers, a true retrograde orbit for an orbiting moon most likely stems from a capture. Triton, for example, might have come out of the Kuiper Belt, the region of icy debris beyond Neptune. Perhaps a collision in the belt sent Triton careening inward toward the sun. A close encounter with Neptune could have slowed it down, forcing it to settle into a backward orbit.

In past decades, astronomers have also discovered planets in distant solar systems with retrograde orbits. These exoplanets orbit their suns in the opposite direction from how the star rotates.

It’s puzzling, because planets form out of debris disks that orbit young stars. And those orbiting disks share the star’s rotation. So how does a planet end up with a true backward orbit? The only way – some astronomers believe – is either by a near-collision with another planet, or if another star once passed too close to the system.

Either way, close encounters can disrupt the orbits of planets and set them on a backward path!

Bottom line: The red planet Mars will start its retrograde motion on December 7, 2024. It’ll pause briefly in front of the stars, and then begin moving westward.

Read more: Why is Mars sometimes bright and sometimes faint?

The post Retrograde motion for Mars starts today first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/8gy7ZbE

Why is Jupiter closest to Earth 1 day before opposition?

Tan, banded Jupiter rotating, with the big oval red spot crossing it, and two bright dots for moons nearby.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Steven Bellavia in Surry, Virginia, created this animation of Jupiter from images captured in the wee hours of October 19, 2023. It’s a beauty! Thank you, Steve. And, if you look closely, you can see Jupiter’s moons Europa and Io, in the upper left and right, respectively. Wow!

Jupiter closest to Earth December 6, 2024

Have you noticed a very bright object ascending in the east earlier each evening? That’s the giant planet Jupiter, now brighter than all the stars!

Jupiter’s perigee – or closest point to the Earth for 2024 – comes at 10 UTC (5 a.m. CDT) on December 6. That’s when the distance between the Earth and Jupiter will be at its least for 2024. Jupiter will be 380 million miles, or 611 million km, away from Earth (and 471 million miles, or 759 million km, away from the sun). This translates to 34 light-minutes away from Earth.

Less than 24 hours later – at 21 UTC (4 p.m. CDT) on December 7, 2024 – Jupiter will reach opposition, when it’s opposite the sun in our sky. That’ll happen as Earth flies between the sun and Jupiter.

So Jupiter is closest less than a day before we go between it and the sun. Why? Why wouldn’t those two events happen simultaneously?

Exciting news, EarthSky family! The 2025 Lunar Calendar is for sale now.

Simple diagram of orbits, showing Earth between an outer planet and the sun.
Opposition happens when Earth flies between an outer planet, like Jupiter, and the sun. Why isn’t Jupiter closest on the day we go between it and the sun? Illustration via Heavens-Above. Used with permission.

Recent oppositions

Jupiter’s last opposition – last time Earth in its smaller orbit flew between Jupiter and the sun – happened on November 3, 2023. The year before that, Jupiter reached opposition on September 26, 2022. In 2022, Jupiter was closer to Earth than it had been in 70 years … because it was a perihelion year for Jupiter, a year when the giant planet was closest to the sun in its 12-year orbit.

In 2022, during its opposition, Jupiter was 367 million miles (591 million km) from Earth. Then in 2023, Jupiter was 370 million miles, or 595 million km, away from Earth. And Jupiter will be more distant from Earth at perigee this year. Wow, right? Space is vast.

So – here’s the secret – it was the close conjunction in time between Jupiter’s yearly opposition and its once-in-12-years perihelion that gave us the close approach of Jupiter in September 2022.

And guess what? Since space is vast – because space exists over distances and timescales nearly incomprehensibly large to us humans – Jupiter in its orbit is still being affected by its closest point to the sun in 2022. Over time, slowly but surely, Jupiter is now getting farther from the sun each earthly day.

Animated diagram, small black dot orbiting large blue object in elongated oval path.
This animation shows an orbit that’s vastly more elliptical than either Earth’s or Jupiter’s. Still, you get the idea. Perihelion = closest to sun. Aphelion = farthest from sun. Image via Brandir/ Wikimedia Commons (GFDL).

It’s about our orbits

Earth and Jupiter go around the sun on almost the same plane. Jupiter’s orbit takes 11.9 Earth-years. And Earth’s orbit takes one year.

Both Earth and Jupiter have orbits that are very nearly circular. If the orbits were exactly circular, with the sun in the center of the circle, both Earth and Jupiter would always stay at the exact same distance from the sun.

But the orbits of both Earth and Jupiter are very slightly elliptical (like a squashed circle). So Jupiter’s distance from the sun varies, and it has a nearest point to the sun and – half a dozen Earth-years later – a farthest point from the sun.

Earth’s perihelion – or closest point to the sun – occurs every year around January 4. We’re farthest from the sun every year in early July.

Jupiter’s perihelion doesn’t happen so regularly with respect to our earthly calendar. It falls on different dates across an earthly year, every 12 years.

Jupiter last passed aphelion – its farthest point from the sun – on February 18, 2017. Jupiter’s next aphelion will come in 2028.

After 2017, Jupiter was moving closer to the sun – bit by bit, closer and closer – every earthly day.

Then it was closest point to the sun in 2022. Now it’s moving farther away from the sun – bit by bit, farther every day – and will continue to do so until 2028.

2022 Geocentric ephemeris for Jupiter
2023 Geocentric ephemeris for Jupiter
2024 Geocentric ephemeris for Jupiter
2025 Geocentric ephemeris for Jupiter

2022 Geocentric ephemeris for sun
2023 Geocentric ephemeris for sun
2024 Geocentric ephemeris for sun
2025 Geocentric ephemeris for sun

Bottom line: Jupiter’s closest point to the Earth in 2024, is on December 6. The distance between the sun and Jupiter will be 380 million miles, or 611 million km.

Read more How to see and enjoy Jupiter’s moons

The post Why is Jupiter closest to Earth 1 day before opposition? first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/kTgmuVK
Tan, banded Jupiter rotating, with the big oval red spot crossing it, and two bright dots for moons nearby.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Steven Bellavia in Surry, Virginia, created this animation of Jupiter from images captured in the wee hours of October 19, 2023. It’s a beauty! Thank you, Steve. And, if you look closely, you can see Jupiter’s moons Europa and Io, in the upper left and right, respectively. Wow!

Jupiter closest to Earth December 6, 2024

Have you noticed a very bright object ascending in the east earlier each evening? That’s the giant planet Jupiter, now brighter than all the stars!

Jupiter’s perigee – or closest point to the Earth for 2024 – comes at 10 UTC (5 a.m. CDT) on December 6. That’s when the distance between the Earth and Jupiter will be at its least for 2024. Jupiter will be 380 million miles, or 611 million km, away from Earth (and 471 million miles, or 759 million km, away from the sun). This translates to 34 light-minutes away from Earth.

Less than 24 hours later – at 21 UTC (4 p.m. CDT) on December 7, 2024 – Jupiter will reach opposition, when it’s opposite the sun in our sky. That’ll happen as Earth flies between the sun and Jupiter.

So Jupiter is closest less than a day before we go between it and the sun. Why? Why wouldn’t those two events happen simultaneously?

Exciting news, EarthSky family! The 2025 Lunar Calendar is for sale now.

Simple diagram of orbits, showing Earth between an outer planet and the sun.
Opposition happens when Earth flies between an outer planet, like Jupiter, and the sun. Why isn’t Jupiter closest on the day we go between it and the sun? Illustration via Heavens-Above. Used with permission.

Recent oppositions

Jupiter’s last opposition – last time Earth in its smaller orbit flew between Jupiter and the sun – happened on November 3, 2023. The year before that, Jupiter reached opposition on September 26, 2022. In 2022, Jupiter was closer to Earth than it had been in 70 years … because it was a perihelion year for Jupiter, a year when the giant planet was closest to the sun in its 12-year orbit.

In 2022, during its opposition, Jupiter was 367 million miles (591 million km) from Earth. Then in 2023, Jupiter was 370 million miles, or 595 million km, away from Earth. And Jupiter will be more distant from Earth at perigee this year. Wow, right? Space is vast.

So – here’s the secret – it was the close conjunction in time between Jupiter’s yearly opposition and its once-in-12-years perihelion that gave us the close approach of Jupiter in September 2022.

And guess what? Since space is vast – because space exists over distances and timescales nearly incomprehensibly large to us humans – Jupiter in its orbit is still being affected by its closest point to the sun in 2022. Over time, slowly but surely, Jupiter is now getting farther from the sun each earthly day.

Animated diagram, small black dot orbiting large blue object in elongated oval path.
This animation shows an orbit that’s vastly more elliptical than either Earth’s or Jupiter’s. Still, you get the idea. Perihelion = closest to sun. Aphelion = farthest from sun. Image via Brandir/ Wikimedia Commons (GFDL).

It’s about our orbits

Earth and Jupiter go around the sun on almost the same plane. Jupiter’s orbit takes 11.9 Earth-years. And Earth’s orbit takes one year.

Both Earth and Jupiter have orbits that are very nearly circular. If the orbits were exactly circular, with the sun in the center of the circle, both Earth and Jupiter would always stay at the exact same distance from the sun.

But the orbits of both Earth and Jupiter are very slightly elliptical (like a squashed circle). So Jupiter’s distance from the sun varies, and it has a nearest point to the sun and – half a dozen Earth-years later – a farthest point from the sun.

Earth’s perihelion – or closest point to the sun – occurs every year around January 4. We’re farthest from the sun every year in early July.

Jupiter’s perihelion doesn’t happen so regularly with respect to our earthly calendar. It falls on different dates across an earthly year, every 12 years.

Jupiter last passed aphelion – its farthest point from the sun – on February 18, 2017. Jupiter’s next aphelion will come in 2028.

After 2017, Jupiter was moving closer to the sun – bit by bit, closer and closer – every earthly day.

Then it was closest point to the sun in 2022. Now it’s moving farther away from the sun – bit by bit, farther every day – and will continue to do so until 2028.

2022 Geocentric ephemeris for Jupiter
2023 Geocentric ephemeris for Jupiter
2024 Geocentric ephemeris for Jupiter
2025 Geocentric ephemeris for Jupiter

2022 Geocentric ephemeris for sun
2023 Geocentric ephemeris for sun
2024 Geocentric ephemeris for sun
2025 Geocentric ephemeris for sun

Bottom line: Jupiter’s closest point to the Earth in 2024, is on December 6. The distance between the sun and Jupiter will be 380 million miles, or 611 million km.

Read more How to see and enjoy Jupiter’s moons

The post Why is Jupiter closest to Earth 1 day before opposition? first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/kTgmuVK

Deep-sky photos for November 2024: Editor’s picks

Deep-sky photos: Large, orange and blue cloud with the shape of the North American continent and numerous faint stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Jeremy Likness in Newport, Oregon, captured the North America Nebula in the constellation Cygnus on November 1, 2024. Jeremy wrote: “I combined data from multiple sessions spanning several years to produce my most detailed image of the North America Nebula to date. This image represents about 10 hours of total exposure time.” Thank you, Jeremy! Outstanding work. See more deep-sky photos from November below.

Stunning deep-sky photos from our community

The EarthSky community has many talented astrophotographers who capture stunning images of the deep sky. We gathered some of our favorite deep-sky photos we received in November 2024 for you to enjoy. Do you have some of your own deep-sky images to share? You can submit them to us here. We love to see them!

The 2025 EarthSky Lunar Calendar is now for sale. Get yours today!

Deep-sky photos of diffuse nebulae

A large red cloud of gas with the shape of the state of California, with numerous background stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Egidio Vergani in Milan, Italy, captured the California Nebula on November 4, 2024. Egidio wrote: “The California Nebula is an extensive emission nebula in the constellation Perseus. Its shape recalls (with a little imagination) that of the U.S. state. It’s in the northern winter sky and lies about 1,000 light-years from Earth.” Thank you, Egidio!
A large, irregular cloud of orange and blue nebulosity over a background of faint distant stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Steven Bellavia in Smithfield, Virginia, captured the Soul Nebula on November 28, 2024. Steven wrote: “The Soul nebula is an emission nebula in Cassiopeia. Several small open clusters are embedded in the nebula, along with small emission nebulae.” Thank you, Steven!
Two reddish patches of nebulosity, one small and one large, with numerous colorful stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Andy Dungan near Cotopaxi, Colorado, captured diffuse nebulae in the constellation Auriga on November 30, 2024. Andy wrote: “These are the Spider (left) and Tadpole (right) nebulae, both in Auriga. Look closely and you will see swimming tadpoles on left side of Tadpole. Space is so interesting!” Thank you, Andy!

More deep-sky photos of nebulae

A large complex of pink nebulosity with dark lanes and a multitude of faint stars immersed within.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Catherine Hyde in Cambria, California, captured the Elephant’s Trunk Nebula in the constellation Cepheus on November 1, 2024. Catherine wrote: “This is IC 1396, the Elephant Trunk Nebula. It’s actually 327 3-minute images, taken over 2 consecutive nights, and stacked together. That’s over 16 hours of total integration time.” Thank you, Catherine!
Blue-green H-shaped nebula with faint background stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Mohammed Abdallah in Suez, Egypt, captured Thor’s Helmet Nebula in the constellation Canis Major on November 1, 2024. Mohammed wrote: “This is Thor’s Helmet or Baby Yoda. The emission nebula is due to the Wolf-Rayet star that is in its pre-supernova stage and created this beautiful shape of dust and gas.” Thank you, Mohammed!

The Heart Nebula

A bright, large and red heart-shaped nebulosity over a multitude of distant stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Rui Santos in Leiria, Portugal, captured the Heart Nebula on November 2, 2024. Rui wrote: “This the Heart Nebula, IC 1805, an emission nebula of glowing gas and dark dust clouds lit up by young stars heating the surrounding material. It’s 7,500 light-years away in the constellation Cassiopeia. Amazing how the universe finds a way to express itself.” Thank you, Rui!
A bright, large and red heart-shaped nebulosity over a multitude of distant stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Andy Dungan near Cotopaxi, Colorado, also captured the Heart Nebula on November 7, 2024. Andy wrote: “This was an exciting pic for me. The level of detail I was able to see from 9.67 hours of exposure was far better than my earlier pics of the Heart Nebula.” Thank you, Andy!

A planetary nebula

A small, ghostly, spherical cloud with a bluish tint and a background of faint stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Steven Bellavia in Southold, New York, captured this view of planetary nebula Jones 1 on November 2, 2024. Steven wrote: “Rebecca Jones discovered the planetary nebula Jones-1 in 1941 in the constellation Pegasus. Little is written about the nebula. A singular reference gives it a distance of about 2,300 light-years from Earth.” Wonderful shot. Thank you, Steven!

The Pleiades star cluster

Large area of light blue nebulosity with bright stars immersed within and numerous faint stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Martin Curran in Cheyenne, Wyoming, captured the Pleiades star cluster in the constellation Taurus on November 29, 2024. Martin wrote: “Not a particularly difficult target for sure, but this was first light in the new observatory which allowed me to image on a night when the winds would have ruined all my shots.” Thank you, Martin!

The Triangulum Galaxy

Large, bluish, spiral-shaped object with a yellowish center and numerous foreground stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Mario Rana of Virginia captured the Triangulum Galaxy on November 24, 2024. Mario explained that he made the exposures under class 7 skies of the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, using a total integration time of 2.5 hours. Thank you, Mario!

And a supernova in a distant galaxy

Collage of two photos, each depicting a white nebulous swirl with white tick marks and numerous stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Eliot Herman of Tucson, Arizona, using large remote telescopes in Utah and Chile, made these images of Supernova 2024abfo (in galaxy NGC1493) and Supernova 2024abfl (in galaxy NGC2146) on November 17, 2024. Eliot wrote: “Both of these supernovae exploded during the full moon period. Supernova 2024abfo exploded in the Southern Hemisphere, which I captured from Chile. And 2024abfl exploded in the Northern Hemisphere, which I captured from Utah.” Thank you, Eliot!

Bottom line: Enjoy this gallery of deep-sky photos for November 2024 from our EarthSky community. If you have a great photo to share, send it in, too. We love to see them!

Share your recent Earth or sky photo at EarthSky Community Photos.

The post Deep-sky photos for November 2024: Editor’s picks first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/aO5uVTe
Deep-sky photos: Large, orange and blue cloud with the shape of the North American continent and numerous faint stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Jeremy Likness in Newport, Oregon, captured the North America Nebula in the constellation Cygnus on November 1, 2024. Jeremy wrote: “I combined data from multiple sessions spanning several years to produce my most detailed image of the North America Nebula to date. This image represents about 10 hours of total exposure time.” Thank you, Jeremy! Outstanding work. See more deep-sky photos from November below.

Stunning deep-sky photos from our community

The EarthSky community has many talented astrophotographers who capture stunning images of the deep sky. We gathered some of our favorite deep-sky photos we received in November 2024 for you to enjoy. Do you have some of your own deep-sky images to share? You can submit them to us here. We love to see them!

The 2025 EarthSky Lunar Calendar is now for sale. Get yours today!

Deep-sky photos of diffuse nebulae

A large red cloud of gas with the shape of the state of California, with numerous background stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Egidio Vergani in Milan, Italy, captured the California Nebula on November 4, 2024. Egidio wrote: “The California Nebula is an extensive emission nebula in the constellation Perseus. Its shape recalls (with a little imagination) that of the U.S. state. It’s in the northern winter sky and lies about 1,000 light-years from Earth.” Thank you, Egidio!
A large, irregular cloud of orange and blue nebulosity over a background of faint distant stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Steven Bellavia in Smithfield, Virginia, captured the Soul Nebula on November 28, 2024. Steven wrote: “The Soul nebula is an emission nebula in Cassiopeia. Several small open clusters are embedded in the nebula, along with small emission nebulae.” Thank you, Steven!
Two reddish patches of nebulosity, one small and one large, with numerous colorful stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Andy Dungan near Cotopaxi, Colorado, captured diffuse nebulae in the constellation Auriga on November 30, 2024. Andy wrote: “These are the Spider (left) and Tadpole (right) nebulae, both in Auriga. Look closely and you will see swimming tadpoles on left side of Tadpole. Space is so interesting!” Thank you, Andy!

More deep-sky photos of nebulae

A large complex of pink nebulosity with dark lanes and a multitude of faint stars immersed within.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Catherine Hyde in Cambria, California, captured the Elephant’s Trunk Nebula in the constellation Cepheus on November 1, 2024. Catherine wrote: “This is IC 1396, the Elephant Trunk Nebula. It’s actually 327 3-minute images, taken over 2 consecutive nights, and stacked together. That’s over 16 hours of total integration time.” Thank you, Catherine!
Blue-green H-shaped nebula with faint background stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Mohammed Abdallah in Suez, Egypt, captured Thor’s Helmet Nebula in the constellation Canis Major on November 1, 2024. Mohammed wrote: “This is Thor’s Helmet or Baby Yoda. The emission nebula is due to the Wolf-Rayet star that is in its pre-supernova stage and created this beautiful shape of dust and gas.” Thank you, Mohammed!

The Heart Nebula

A bright, large and red heart-shaped nebulosity over a multitude of distant stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Rui Santos in Leiria, Portugal, captured the Heart Nebula on November 2, 2024. Rui wrote: “This the Heart Nebula, IC 1805, an emission nebula of glowing gas and dark dust clouds lit up by young stars heating the surrounding material. It’s 7,500 light-years away in the constellation Cassiopeia. Amazing how the universe finds a way to express itself.” Thank you, Rui!
A bright, large and red heart-shaped nebulosity over a multitude of distant stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Andy Dungan near Cotopaxi, Colorado, also captured the Heart Nebula on November 7, 2024. Andy wrote: “This was an exciting pic for me. The level of detail I was able to see from 9.67 hours of exposure was far better than my earlier pics of the Heart Nebula.” Thank you, Andy!

A planetary nebula

A small, ghostly, spherical cloud with a bluish tint and a background of faint stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Steven Bellavia in Southold, New York, captured this view of planetary nebula Jones 1 on November 2, 2024. Steven wrote: “Rebecca Jones discovered the planetary nebula Jones-1 in 1941 in the constellation Pegasus. Little is written about the nebula. A singular reference gives it a distance of about 2,300 light-years from Earth.” Wonderful shot. Thank you, Steven!

The Pleiades star cluster

Large area of light blue nebulosity with bright stars immersed within and numerous faint stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Martin Curran in Cheyenne, Wyoming, captured the Pleiades star cluster in the constellation Taurus on November 29, 2024. Martin wrote: “Not a particularly difficult target for sure, but this was first light in the new observatory which allowed me to image on a night when the winds would have ruined all my shots.” Thank you, Martin!

The Triangulum Galaxy

Large, bluish, spiral-shaped object with a yellowish center and numerous foreground stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Mario Rana of Virginia captured the Triangulum Galaxy on November 24, 2024. Mario explained that he made the exposures under class 7 skies of the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, using a total integration time of 2.5 hours. Thank you, Mario!

And a supernova in a distant galaxy

Collage of two photos, each depicting a white nebulous swirl with white tick marks and numerous stars.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Eliot Herman of Tucson, Arizona, using large remote telescopes in Utah and Chile, made these images of Supernova 2024abfo (in galaxy NGC1493) and Supernova 2024abfl (in galaxy NGC2146) on November 17, 2024. Eliot wrote: “Both of these supernovae exploded during the full moon period. Supernova 2024abfo exploded in the Southern Hemisphere, which I captured from Chile. And 2024abfl exploded in the Northern Hemisphere, which I captured from Utah.” Thank you, Eliot!

Bottom line: Enjoy this gallery of deep-sky photos for November 2024 from our EarthSky community. If you have a great photo to share, send it in, too. We love to see them!

Share your recent Earth or sky photo at EarthSky Community Photos.

The post Deep-sky photos for November 2024: Editor’s picks first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/aO5uVTe

The earliest sunset comes before the winter solstice

Map of U.S. and Canada with 10 parallel curved lines of latitude across it labeled with dates and times.
View larger. | The shortest day is at the solstice. In 2024, that’s December 21. But you might be surprised to learn that the earliest sunsets come days or weeks before the solstice. Here, this map shows the number of days between earliest sunset and latest sunrise for various latitudes. And it shows the dates of these events. When is your earliest sunset? The dates hold true for these latitudes around the globe. Map via Brian Brettschneider (@Climatologist49 on X, or via Brian B.’s Climate Blog). Used with permission.

Earliest sunset isn’t on the shortest day

Have you noticed your sunsets coming later now? That’s true for many of us, even though the December solstice is still a few week aways. For example, for the mid-northern U.S. and similar latitudes – around 40 degrees north latitude – the earliest sunsets of the year occur around December 8. That would be the latitude of New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Kansas City, Missouri; Denver, Colorado; Reno, Nevada; Beijing, China; Madrid, Spain and Naples, Italy.

Likewise, for more southerly latitudes – say around 30 degrees north latitude – the earliest sunsets of the year came in late November and early December.

And what about the Southern Hemisphere? At this same time, the year’s earliest sunrises have happened or are happening, as you progress toward your longest day at the December solstice.

Then, closer to the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the earliest sunset and earliest sunrise happen nearer the solstice.

Want to know the date of your earliest sunset (or sunrise)? Sunrise-sunset.org provides the sunrise/sunset times to the second for locations around the globe.

The exact date of the Northern Hemisphere’s earliest sunset and the Southern Hemisphere’s earliest sunrise varies by latitude.

But at temperate latitudes, both of these annual hallmarks in our sky come a few to several weeks before the December solstice, not at the solstice as you might expect.

The 2025 EarthSky lunar calendar makes a great gift. Get yours today!

Complicated graph showing earliest sunset, latest sunrise by latitude, across the globe.
View larger. | Dates of latest sunrise and earliest sunset by latitude. Chart via Brian Brettschneider (@Climatologist49 on X, or via Brian B.’s Climate Blog). Used with permission.

Why?

The next solstice in 2024 comes at 9:21 UTC on December 21 and marks an unofficial beginning for winter in the Northern Hemisphere. So, for the Northern Hemisphere, this upcoming solstice brings the shortest day and longest night of the year. Then why isn’t the earliest sunset on the year’s shortest day?

Basically, it’s because of the discrepancy between the clock and the sun. A clock ticks off exactly 24 hours from one noon to the next. But an actual day – as measured by the spin of the Earth, from what is called one solar noon to the next – rarely equals 24 hours exactly.

Also, solar noon is simply called midday, because it refers to that instant when the sun reaches its highest point for the day. Thus, in the month of December, the time period from one solar noon to the next is actually half a minute longer than 24 hours. For example, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 7 the sun reaches its noontime position at 11:52 a.m. local standard time. Then, two weeks later – on the winter solstice – the sun will reach its noontime position around 11:59 a.m. So that’s seven minutes later than on December 7.

Visit Sunrise Sunset Calendars to know the clock time for sunrise, solar noon and sunset plus day length in your part of the world, remembering to check the solar noon and day length boxes.

In addition, another key point is that the later clock time for solar noon means a later clock time for sunrise and sunset. This can be seen in the table below.

For Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Date Sunrise Solar Noon (Midday) Sunset Daylight Hours
December 7 7:09 a.m. 11:52 a.m. 4:35 p.m. 9 hours 26 minutes
December 21 7:19 a.m. 11:59 a.m. 4:39 p.m. 9 hours 20 minutes

Latest sunrise and earliest sunset aren’t on the solstice

As you might have guessed, the latest sunrises aren’t on the day of the solstice either. For middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the latest sunrises come in early January.

And, although there’s variation in the exact dates, the sequence is always the same for both hemispheres. First, earliest sunset before the winter solstice, the winter solstice itself, latest sunrise after the winter solstice. Then, half a year later, earliest sunrise before the summer solstice, the summer solstice itself, latest sunset.

So by all means, check out the earliest and latest sunsets and sunrises in your area. They are always lovely and happen around every solstice.

Sunsets from the EarthSky Community

Crepuscular rays behind clouds of the setting sun over the ocean.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Janet Yoder in the Cayman Islands captured this image on November 27, 2024, and wrote: “Crepuscular rays stream through gaps in clouds from the setting sun over the Caribbean Sea at Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Crepuscular rays are a mesmerizing atmospheric optics phenomenon that creates an enchanting interplay of light and shadow that is truly awe-inspiring. These ethereal beams of light, streaming through gaps in clouds, create a breathtaking display of nature’s beauty. The parallel columns of sunlit air, demarcated by darker cloud-shadowed regions, give the impression of diverging rays.” Thank you, Janet!
Sunset with streaky horizontal orange clouds and palm tree in foreground.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Laurie Engelhardt of Hermosa Beach, California, captured this image on December 3, 2023, and wrote: “Lovely sunset gracing my sky.” Thank you, Laurie!
Tall, pointy rock formations with large pine tree in front of a pink sunset sky.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Debra W of Cibolo, Texas, captured this early sunset on December 4, 2023 and wrote: “Another wonderful sunset above an enclosure at the San Antonio Zoo.” Thank you, Debra!

Bottom line: The solstice comes on December 21, 2024, at 9:21 UTC. Does that coincide with the earliest sunsets? It depends on where you live. The earliest sunsets at mid-northern latitudes happen weeks before the solstice. By comparison, latitudes closer to the equator have their earliest sunsets in late November, or earlier in December. And then, latitudes closer to the Arctic Circle will have their earliest sunsets closer to the December solstice.

EarthSky’s monthly night sky guide: Visible planets and more

The post The earliest sunset comes before the winter solstice first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/kUn3YQo
Map of U.S. and Canada with 10 parallel curved lines of latitude across it labeled with dates and times.
View larger. | The shortest day is at the solstice. In 2024, that’s December 21. But you might be surprised to learn that the earliest sunsets come days or weeks before the solstice. Here, this map shows the number of days between earliest sunset and latest sunrise for various latitudes. And it shows the dates of these events. When is your earliest sunset? The dates hold true for these latitudes around the globe. Map via Brian Brettschneider (@Climatologist49 on X, or via Brian B.’s Climate Blog). Used with permission.

Earliest sunset isn’t on the shortest day

Have you noticed your sunsets coming later now? That’s true for many of us, even though the December solstice is still a few week aways. For example, for the mid-northern U.S. and similar latitudes – around 40 degrees north latitude – the earliest sunsets of the year occur around December 8. That would be the latitude of New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Kansas City, Missouri; Denver, Colorado; Reno, Nevada; Beijing, China; Madrid, Spain and Naples, Italy.

Likewise, for more southerly latitudes – say around 30 degrees north latitude – the earliest sunsets of the year came in late November and early December.

And what about the Southern Hemisphere? At this same time, the year’s earliest sunrises have happened or are happening, as you progress toward your longest day at the December solstice.

Then, closer to the Arctic and Antarctic Circles, the earliest sunset and earliest sunrise happen nearer the solstice.

Want to know the date of your earliest sunset (or sunrise)? Sunrise-sunset.org provides the sunrise/sunset times to the second for locations around the globe.

The exact date of the Northern Hemisphere’s earliest sunset and the Southern Hemisphere’s earliest sunrise varies by latitude.

But at temperate latitudes, both of these annual hallmarks in our sky come a few to several weeks before the December solstice, not at the solstice as you might expect.

The 2025 EarthSky lunar calendar makes a great gift. Get yours today!

Complicated graph showing earliest sunset, latest sunrise by latitude, across the globe.
View larger. | Dates of latest sunrise and earliest sunset by latitude. Chart via Brian Brettschneider (@Climatologist49 on X, or via Brian B.’s Climate Blog). Used with permission.

Why?

The next solstice in 2024 comes at 9:21 UTC on December 21 and marks an unofficial beginning for winter in the Northern Hemisphere. So, for the Northern Hemisphere, this upcoming solstice brings the shortest day and longest night of the year. Then why isn’t the earliest sunset on the year’s shortest day?

Basically, it’s because of the discrepancy between the clock and the sun. A clock ticks off exactly 24 hours from one noon to the next. But an actual day – as measured by the spin of the Earth, from what is called one solar noon to the next – rarely equals 24 hours exactly.

Also, solar noon is simply called midday, because it refers to that instant when the sun reaches its highest point for the day. Thus, in the month of December, the time period from one solar noon to the next is actually half a minute longer than 24 hours. For example, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 7 the sun reaches its noontime position at 11:52 a.m. local standard time. Then, two weeks later – on the winter solstice – the sun will reach its noontime position around 11:59 a.m. So that’s seven minutes later than on December 7.

Visit Sunrise Sunset Calendars to know the clock time for sunrise, solar noon and sunset plus day length in your part of the world, remembering to check the solar noon and day length boxes.

In addition, another key point is that the later clock time for solar noon means a later clock time for sunrise and sunset. This can be seen in the table below.

For Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Date Sunrise Solar Noon (Midday) Sunset Daylight Hours
December 7 7:09 a.m. 11:52 a.m. 4:35 p.m. 9 hours 26 minutes
December 21 7:19 a.m. 11:59 a.m. 4:39 p.m. 9 hours 20 minutes

Latest sunrise and earliest sunset aren’t on the solstice

As you might have guessed, the latest sunrises aren’t on the day of the solstice either. For middle latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, the latest sunrises come in early January.

And, although there’s variation in the exact dates, the sequence is always the same for both hemispheres. First, earliest sunset before the winter solstice, the winter solstice itself, latest sunrise after the winter solstice. Then, half a year later, earliest sunrise before the summer solstice, the summer solstice itself, latest sunset.

So by all means, check out the earliest and latest sunsets and sunrises in your area. They are always lovely and happen around every solstice.

Sunsets from the EarthSky Community

Crepuscular rays behind clouds of the setting sun over the ocean.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Janet Yoder in the Cayman Islands captured this image on November 27, 2024, and wrote: “Crepuscular rays stream through gaps in clouds from the setting sun over the Caribbean Sea at Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands. Crepuscular rays are a mesmerizing atmospheric optics phenomenon that creates an enchanting interplay of light and shadow that is truly awe-inspiring. These ethereal beams of light, streaming through gaps in clouds, create a breathtaking display of nature’s beauty. The parallel columns of sunlit air, demarcated by darker cloud-shadowed regions, give the impression of diverging rays.” Thank you, Janet!
Sunset with streaky horizontal orange clouds and palm tree in foreground.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Laurie Engelhardt of Hermosa Beach, California, captured this image on December 3, 2023, and wrote: “Lovely sunset gracing my sky.” Thank you, Laurie!
Tall, pointy rock formations with large pine tree in front of a pink sunset sky.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Debra W of Cibolo, Texas, captured this early sunset on December 4, 2023 and wrote: “Another wonderful sunset above an enclosure at the San Antonio Zoo.” Thank you, Debra!

Bottom line: The solstice comes on December 21, 2024, at 9:21 UTC. Does that coincide with the earliest sunsets? It depends on where you live. The earliest sunsets at mid-northern latitudes happen weeks before the solstice. By comparison, latitudes closer to the equator have their earliest sunsets in late November, or earlier in December. And then, latitudes closer to the Arctic Circle will have their earliest sunsets closer to the December solstice.

EarthSky’s monthly night sky guide: Visible planets and more

The post The earliest sunset comes before the winter solstice first appeared on EarthSky.



from EarthSky https://ift.tt/kUn3YQo