The Landsat 8 satellite captured these mesmerizing, swirling clouds with their hurricane-like eyes. Meteorologists call these clouds von Kármán vortices. On February 11, 2026, von Kármán vortices appeared on the downwind side of Peter I Island in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica. Image via NASA Earth Observatory/ Michala Garrison.
What are von Kármán vortices?
The cloudy chain of spiraling eddies – like you see above – are known as von Kármán vortices. They’re named for Theodore von Kármán (1881-1963), a Hungarian-American physicist. He was the first to describe the physical processes that create them. The patterns can form nearly anywhere an object disturbs the flow of a fluid. That means oceans … or air.
In the case of the von Kármán vortices above, they formed in Earth’s atmosphere, downwind from Peter I Island. This ice-covered volcanic island sits in the Southern Ocean between Antarctica and South America. Winds were blowing between 11 to 34 miles per hour (18 to 54 kph) on February 11, 2026, when they encountered the volcanic barrier. The wind parted on either side of the island and spun into the shapes you see here. Note that this doesn’t always happen. Stronger winds wouldn’t have allowed the eddies to retain their shape.
More on how von Kármán vortices form
Our atmosphere is composed of gases, but it flows like a fluid. And tall peaks on islands can disrupt the flow of wind, to create the swirling clouds we know as von Kármán vortices. As the winds divert around these high areas, the disturbance in the flow propagates downstream in the form of vortices that alternate their direction of rotation.
Satellites have spotted von Kármán vortices around the globe. We’ve seen these vortices off of Guadalupe Island near the coast of Chile, in the Greenland Sea, in the Arctic and even next to a tropical storm. In the satellite image below, the vortices formed in the eastern Pacific Ocean on April 30, 2024.
These are von Karman vortices, swirling clouds that appeared over the eastern Pacific Ocean on April 30, 2024. Image via CIRA.
Animation of von Kármán vortices
Von Kármán vortices can form nearly anywhere that fluid flow is disturbed by an object. In the images below, that “object” is an island or group of islands. Watch the animation below courtesy of Cesareo de la Rosa Siqueira at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. You’ll see how a von Kármán vortex “street” develops behind a cylinder moving through a fluid.
More images of the cloudy, swirling eddies
These cloud vortices swirled off the Canary Islands on March 19, 2023. Image via NASA Earth Observatory.These von Kármán vortices formed downwind from the volcanic island Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic on June 25, 2017. Image via NASA Earth Observatory.
Swirling clouds over Norwegian island
In the image below, an isolated Norwegian territory in the North Atlantic Ocean, called Jan Mayen Island, is responsible for the spiraling cloud pattern. The unique flow occurs when winds rushing from the north encounter Beerenberg Volcano. This snow-covered peak on the eastern end of the island rises 1.4 miles (2.2 km) above the sea surface. As winds pass around the volcano, the disturbance in the flow propagates downstream in the form of a double row of vortices that alternate their direction of rotation.
Von Kármán vortices in the Greenland Sea around Jan Mayen Island on April 5, 2012. Image via NASA.
Bottom line: See von Kármán vortices – mesmerizing, swirling pattern of clouds – in these satellite images. These clouds form when the wind hits a barrier like a mountain.
The Landsat 8 satellite captured these mesmerizing, swirling clouds with their hurricane-like eyes. Meteorologists call these clouds von Kármán vortices. On February 11, 2026, von Kármán vortices appeared on the downwind side of Peter I Island in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica. Image via NASA Earth Observatory/ Michala Garrison.
What are von Kármán vortices?
The cloudy chain of spiraling eddies – like you see above – are known as von Kármán vortices. They’re named for Theodore von Kármán (1881-1963), a Hungarian-American physicist. He was the first to describe the physical processes that create them. The patterns can form nearly anywhere an object disturbs the flow of a fluid. That means oceans … or air.
In the case of the von Kármán vortices above, they formed in Earth’s atmosphere, downwind from Peter I Island. This ice-covered volcanic island sits in the Southern Ocean between Antarctica and South America. Winds were blowing between 11 to 34 miles per hour (18 to 54 kph) on February 11, 2026, when they encountered the volcanic barrier. The wind parted on either side of the island and spun into the shapes you see here. Note that this doesn’t always happen. Stronger winds wouldn’t have allowed the eddies to retain their shape.
More on how von Kármán vortices form
Our atmosphere is composed of gases, but it flows like a fluid. And tall peaks on islands can disrupt the flow of wind, to create the swirling clouds we know as von Kármán vortices. As the winds divert around these high areas, the disturbance in the flow propagates downstream in the form of vortices that alternate their direction of rotation.
Satellites have spotted von Kármán vortices around the globe. We’ve seen these vortices off of Guadalupe Island near the coast of Chile, in the Greenland Sea, in the Arctic and even next to a tropical storm. In the satellite image below, the vortices formed in the eastern Pacific Ocean on April 30, 2024.
These are von Karman vortices, swirling clouds that appeared over the eastern Pacific Ocean on April 30, 2024. Image via CIRA.
Animation of von Kármán vortices
Von Kármán vortices can form nearly anywhere that fluid flow is disturbed by an object. In the images below, that “object” is an island or group of islands. Watch the animation below courtesy of Cesareo de la Rosa Siqueira at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. You’ll see how a von Kármán vortex “street” develops behind a cylinder moving through a fluid.
More images of the cloudy, swirling eddies
These cloud vortices swirled off the Canary Islands on March 19, 2023. Image via NASA Earth Observatory.These von Kármán vortices formed downwind from the volcanic island Tristan da Cunha in the South Atlantic on June 25, 2017. Image via NASA Earth Observatory.
Swirling clouds over Norwegian island
In the image below, an isolated Norwegian territory in the North Atlantic Ocean, called Jan Mayen Island, is responsible for the spiraling cloud pattern. The unique flow occurs when winds rushing from the north encounter Beerenberg Volcano. This snow-covered peak on the eastern end of the island rises 1.4 miles (2.2 km) above the sea surface. As winds pass around the volcano, the disturbance in the flow propagates downstream in the form of a double row of vortices that alternate their direction of rotation.
Von Kármán vortices in the Greenland Sea around Jan Mayen Island on April 5, 2012. Image via NASA.
Bottom line: See von Kármán vortices – mesmerizing, swirling pattern of clouds – in these satellite images. These clouds form when the wind hits a barrier like a mountain.
An animation showing the Alaska megatsunami – a large wave of about 100 meters (328 ft) or more – as it reached up the fjord walls after the landslide, as well as the large cresting wave as it heads down Tracy Arm. Credit: Shugar et al., 2026.
A megatsunami is an incredibly large wave of about 100 meters (328 ft) or more. These huge waves are often triggered by events such as landslides.
In August 2025, a megatsunami in Alaska happened when a landslide entered a fjord next to South Sawyer Glacier. The event generated a wave 1,580 feet (481 meters) high.
Scientists believe a warning system could help alert any people in the area. It would be based on seismic activity in the area.
2025 Alaska megatsunami shows need for warning system
On the evening of August 9, 2025, passengers on the Hanse Explorer yacht finished taking selfies and videos of Alaska’s South Sawyer Glacier, and the ship headed back down the fjord. Twelve hours later, a landslide from the adjacent mountain unexpectedly collapsed into the fjord, initiating the second-highest tsunami in recorded history.
We conduct research on earthquakes and tsunamis at the Alaska Earthquake Center. And one of us serves as Alaska state seismologist. In a new study with colleagues, we detail how that landslide sent water and debris 1,580 feet (481 meters) up the other side of the fjord. That’s higher than the top floor of the Taipei 101 skyscraper. And then the tsunami continued down Tracy Arm. The force of the water stripped the fjord’s walls down to bare rock.
The Tracy Arm landslide generated a tsunami that sent a wave so high up the opposite fjord wall that it would have overtopped some of the world’s tallest buildings. Here’s how it compares to other large tsunamis around the world. Image via Steve Hicks/ University College London/ The Conversation.The landslide at Tracy Arm Fjord, Alaska in August last year sent a tsunami wave far up the opposite side of the fjord near South Sawyer Glacier. This 2025 Alaska megatsunami could have led to tragedy. The event shows the need for a warning system to alert cruise ships and others who might be in the area. Image via John Lyons/ U.S. Geological Survey/ The Conversation.
The 2025 Alaska megatsunami
It was just after 5 o’clock in the morning on a dreary day. And fortunately, no ships were nearby. In the months after, some cruise lines started avoiding Tracy Arm. However, the conditions that led to this event are not at all unique to this fjord.
Landslides are common in the coastal mountains of Alaska. In these areas, rapid uplift – caused by tectonic forces and long-term ice loss – converges with the erosive forces of precipitation and moving glaciers. But a curious pattern has emerged in recent years: Multiple major landslides have occurred precisely at the terminus (end point) of a retreating glacier.
Though the mechanics are still poorly understood, these mountains appear to become unstable when the ice disappears. When the landslide hits the water, the momentum of millions of tons of rock is transferred into tsunami waves.
Maps show how the glacier has retreated over the years, moving past the section of mountain that collapsed (outlined in white on the right) in the days prior to the slide. The map on the right shows the height the tsunami reached on the fjord walls. Image via Planet Labs/ The Conversation.
This same phenomenon is playing out from Alaska to Greenland and Norway, sometimes with deadly consequences. Across the Arctic, countries are trying to come to terms with this growing hazard. The options are not attractive: avoid vast swaths of coastline, or live with a poorly understood risk. We believe there is an obvious role for alert systems. But only if scientists have a better understanding of where and when landslides are likely to occur.
Signs that a landslide might be coming
The Tracy Arm landslide is a powerful example.
The landslide occurred in August, when warm ocean waters and heavier precipitation favor both glacier retreat and slope failure. The glacier below the landslide area had experienced rapid calving: large chunks of ice breaking off and falling into the water. And it had retreated more than a third of a mile in the two months prior. Heavy rain had been falling. Rain enters fractures in the mountain and pushes them closer to failure by increasing the water pressure in cracks.
Most provocative are the thousands of small seismic tremors that emanated from the area of the slide in the days prior to the mountainside collapsing.
We believe that this combination of signs would have been sufficient to issue progressive alerts to any ships in the vicinity and homes and businesses that could have been harmed by a tsunami at least a day prior to the failure … had a monitoring program existed.
For example, though people are still killed in avalanches, alert systems have played an essential role in making winter backcountry travel safer for more people. The collapse at Tracy Arm demonstrates what could be possible for landslides.
What an alert system could look like
We believe that the combination of weather and rapid glacier retreat in early August 2025 was likely sufficient to issue an alert notifying people that the hazard may be temporarily elevated in a general area. On a yellow-orange-red scale, this would be a yellow alert.
In the hours prior to the landslide, the exponential increase in seismic events and telltale transition to what is known as seismic tremor – a continuous “hum” of seismic energy – were sufficient to communicate a time-sensitive warning for a specific region.
Seismic data from the closest monitoring station to the landslide, about 60 miles (100 kilometers) away, shows the “hum” of seismic energy increasing just ahead of the landslide, indicated by the tall yellow spike shortly after 5 a.m. Source: Alaska Earthquake Center.
These observations, recorded as a byproduct of regional earthquake monitoring, warranted an “orange” alert noting immediate concern. The signs were arguably sufficient to recommend keeping boats and ships out of the fjord.
Alerts are possible
Our research over the past few years has demonstrated that once a large landslide has started, it is possible to detect and measure the event within a couple of minutes. In this amount of time, seismic waves in the surrounding area can indicate the rough size of the landslide and whether it occurred near open water.
A monitoring program that could quickly communicate this would be able to issue a red alert, signaling an event in progress.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s tsunami warning program has spent decades fine-tuning rapid message dissemination. A warning system would have offered little help for ships in the immediate vicinity, but it could have provided perhaps 10 minutes of warning for those who rode out the harrowing tsunami farther away.
There is no landslide monitoring system operating yet at this scale in the U.S. Building one will require cooperation across state and federal agencies, and strengthened monitoring and communication networks. Even then, it will not be fail-proof.
Understanding risk, not removing it
Alert systems do not remove the risk entirely, but they are a better option than no warning at all. Over time, they also build awareness as communities and visitors get used to thinking about these hazards.
Many of the most alluring places on Earth come with significant hazards. Arctic fjords are among them. The same processes that create this hazard – glacier retreat, steep terrain, dynamic geology – are also what make these landscapes so compelling. The mix of glaciers, ice-choked waters and steep mountains is exactly what draws people to these places. People will continue to visit and experience them.
The last view of Tracy Arm, taken from the Hanse Explorer motoring away from the South Sawyer glacier, before a landslide from a mountain just out of view on the left crashed into the fjord. The landslide generated a tsunami that sent a wave nearly 1,600 feet (about 490 meters) up the mountain on the right.
The question is not whether these places should be avoided altogether, but how to help people make more informed decisions. We believe that stronger geophysical and meteorological monitoring, coupled with new research and communication channels, is the first step.
On August 9, visitors unknowingly passed through a landscape on the cusp of failure. An alert system might have given tour companies and people in the area the information they needed to make more informed choices and avoid being caught by surprise.
Bottom line: A 2025 Alaska megatsunami sent a 1,580-foot wave of water up the Tracy Arm fjord. It revealed the need for a landslide-triggered tsunami warning system.
An animation showing the Alaska megatsunami – a large wave of about 100 meters (328 ft) or more – as it reached up the fjord walls after the landslide, as well as the large cresting wave as it heads down Tracy Arm. Credit: Shugar et al., 2026.
A megatsunami is an incredibly large wave of about 100 meters (328 ft) or more. These huge waves are often triggered by events such as landslides.
In August 2025, a megatsunami in Alaska happened when a landslide entered a fjord next to South Sawyer Glacier. The event generated a wave 1,580 feet (481 meters) high.
Scientists believe a warning system could help alert any people in the area. It would be based on seismic activity in the area.
2025 Alaska megatsunami shows need for warning system
On the evening of August 9, 2025, passengers on the Hanse Explorer yacht finished taking selfies and videos of Alaska’s South Sawyer Glacier, and the ship headed back down the fjord. Twelve hours later, a landslide from the adjacent mountain unexpectedly collapsed into the fjord, initiating the second-highest tsunami in recorded history.
We conduct research on earthquakes and tsunamis at the Alaska Earthquake Center. And one of us serves as Alaska state seismologist. In a new study with colleagues, we detail how that landslide sent water and debris 1,580 feet (481 meters) up the other side of the fjord. That’s higher than the top floor of the Taipei 101 skyscraper. And then the tsunami continued down Tracy Arm. The force of the water stripped the fjord’s walls down to bare rock.
The Tracy Arm landslide generated a tsunami that sent a wave so high up the opposite fjord wall that it would have overtopped some of the world’s tallest buildings. Here’s how it compares to other large tsunamis around the world. Image via Steve Hicks/ University College London/ The Conversation.The landslide at Tracy Arm Fjord, Alaska in August last year sent a tsunami wave far up the opposite side of the fjord near South Sawyer Glacier. This 2025 Alaska megatsunami could have led to tragedy. The event shows the need for a warning system to alert cruise ships and others who might be in the area. Image via John Lyons/ U.S. Geological Survey/ The Conversation.
The 2025 Alaska megatsunami
It was just after 5 o’clock in the morning on a dreary day. And fortunately, no ships were nearby. In the months after, some cruise lines started avoiding Tracy Arm. However, the conditions that led to this event are not at all unique to this fjord.
Landslides are common in the coastal mountains of Alaska. In these areas, rapid uplift – caused by tectonic forces and long-term ice loss – converges with the erosive forces of precipitation and moving glaciers. But a curious pattern has emerged in recent years: Multiple major landslides have occurred precisely at the terminus (end point) of a retreating glacier.
Though the mechanics are still poorly understood, these mountains appear to become unstable when the ice disappears. When the landslide hits the water, the momentum of millions of tons of rock is transferred into tsunami waves.
Maps show how the glacier has retreated over the years, moving past the section of mountain that collapsed (outlined in white on the right) in the days prior to the slide. The map on the right shows the height the tsunami reached on the fjord walls. Image via Planet Labs/ The Conversation.
This same phenomenon is playing out from Alaska to Greenland and Norway, sometimes with deadly consequences. Across the Arctic, countries are trying to come to terms with this growing hazard. The options are not attractive: avoid vast swaths of coastline, or live with a poorly understood risk. We believe there is an obvious role for alert systems. But only if scientists have a better understanding of where and when landslides are likely to occur.
Signs that a landslide might be coming
The Tracy Arm landslide is a powerful example.
The landslide occurred in August, when warm ocean waters and heavier precipitation favor both glacier retreat and slope failure. The glacier below the landslide area had experienced rapid calving: large chunks of ice breaking off and falling into the water. And it had retreated more than a third of a mile in the two months prior. Heavy rain had been falling. Rain enters fractures in the mountain and pushes them closer to failure by increasing the water pressure in cracks.
Most provocative are the thousands of small seismic tremors that emanated from the area of the slide in the days prior to the mountainside collapsing.
We believe that this combination of signs would have been sufficient to issue progressive alerts to any ships in the vicinity and homes and businesses that could have been harmed by a tsunami at least a day prior to the failure … had a monitoring program existed.
For example, though people are still killed in avalanches, alert systems have played an essential role in making winter backcountry travel safer for more people. The collapse at Tracy Arm demonstrates what could be possible for landslides.
What an alert system could look like
We believe that the combination of weather and rapid glacier retreat in early August 2025 was likely sufficient to issue an alert notifying people that the hazard may be temporarily elevated in a general area. On a yellow-orange-red scale, this would be a yellow alert.
In the hours prior to the landslide, the exponential increase in seismic events and telltale transition to what is known as seismic tremor – a continuous “hum” of seismic energy – were sufficient to communicate a time-sensitive warning for a specific region.
Seismic data from the closest monitoring station to the landslide, about 60 miles (100 kilometers) away, shows the “hum” of seismic energy increasing just ahead of the landslide, indicated by the tall yellow spike shortly after 5 a.m. Source: Alaska Earthquake Center.
These observations, recorded as a byproduct of regional earthquake monitoring, warranted an “orange” alert noting immediate concern. The signs were arguably sufficient to recommend keeping boats and ships out of the fjord.
Alerts are possible
Our research over the past few years has demonstrated that once a large landslide has started, it is possible to detect and measure the event within a couple of minutes. In this amount of time, seismic waves in the surrounding area can indicate the rough size of the landslide and whether it occurred near open water.
A monitoring program that could quickly communicate this would be able to issue a red alert, signaling an event in progress.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s tsunami warning program has spent decades fine-tuning rapid message dissemination. A warning system would have offered little help for ships in the immediate vicinity, but it could have provided perhaps 10 minutes of warning for those who rode out the harrowing tsunami farther away.
There is no landslide monitoring system operating yet at this scale in the U.S. Building one will require cooperation across state and federal agencies, and strengthened monitoring and communication networks. Even then, it will not be fail-proof.
Understanding risk, not removing it
Alert systems do not remove the risk entirely, but they are a better option than no warning at all. Over time, they also build awareness as communities and visitors get used to thinking about these hazards.
Many of the most alluring places on Earth come with significant hazards. Arctic fjords are among them. The same processes that create this hazard – glacier retreat, steep terrain, dynamic geology – are also what make these landscapes so compelling. The mix of glaciers, ice-choked waters and steep mountains is exactly what draws people to these places. People will continue to visit and experience them.
The last view of Tracy Arm, taken from the Hanse Explorer motoring away from the South Sawyer glacier, before a landslide from a mountain just out of view on the left crashed into the fjord. The landslide generated a tsunami that sent a wave nearly 1,600 feet (about 490 meters) up the mountain on the right.
The question is not whether these places should be avoided altogether, but how to help people make more informed decisions. We believe that stronger geophysical and meteorological monitoring, coupled with new research and communication channels, is the first step.
On August 9, visitors unknowingly passed through a landscape on the cusp of failure. An alert system might have given tour companies and people in the area the information they needed to make more informed choices and avoid being caught by surprise.
Bottom line: A 2025 Alaska megatsunami sent a 1,580-foot wave of water up the Tracy Arm fjord. It revealed the need for a landslide-triggered tsunami warning system.
This is a granulated thick-tailed scorpion (Parabuthus granulatus), photographed in Debeden, South Africa. So why are scorpion stings so painful? A new study explored how metal makes scorpion stingers and pincers more formidable. Image via Ryan van Huyssteen/ iNaturalist (CC BY 4.0).
Scorpion stings and pinches are particularly painful because the stingers and pincers are reinforced with metal.
Now, a new study of 18 scorpion species has revealed in new detail how these metals are distributed.
The results reveal how natural selection favors certain types of metals for different purposes in scorpions.
Scorpions are infamous for their imposing pincers and venomous stingers. They use these formidable appendages to defend themselves and attack prey. But why are scorpion stings and pinches so powerful? Metal.
Scientists have long known that scorpion stingers and pincers are often fortified with metals. But is this the case with all scorpions? And with different predation and defense techniques across different scorpion species, do their metal deposits vary too?
In April 2026, researchers published a study that explored these questions.
In it, they analyzed 18 species from a wide range of scorpion families (a term for a group of related animals). They uncovered interesting new details as to how these metals were distributed in pincers and stingers. And their findings offered fresh insight into how natural selection favors certain types of metal deposits for different purposes.
Sam Campbell of the University of Queensland led this research. He said, in a statement:
Scorpions are incredible hunters, and while we knew that metals strengthen the weapons in some species’ arsenals, we don’t know if all scorpions’ weapons contain metal, and if so, whether this metal enrichment relates to how they hunt.
We decided to use microanalytical techniques to unravel where and how these metals are distributed in the scorpions’ weapons to offer a clue as to how and why metal enrichment has been carried through the scorpion family tree.
The research team published their study in the peer-reviewedJournal of the Royal Society Interface on April 29, 2026.
Scorpion stings and pinches vary
Overall, there are about 3,000 species of scorpion, found in all continents except Antarctica. And with such a wide diversity of species comes a wide range of predatory and defense behaviors.
Some scorpions routinely subdue their prey using their stingers to inject venom. But others rarely use them except to quell difficult prey. Scorpions with large powerful pincers use them to crush prey, but have small stingers. Conversely, others have large stingers and small pincers.
The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History has a collection of preserved scorpions from around the world. In addition to x-ray analysis, the research team performed high-resolution electron microscopy on 18 of these specimens. They specifically examined the pincers and stingers.
The common emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator) was one of the species in this study. It had zinc and manganese in its stinger, with zinc and a little iron in its pincers. Image via Jan Ebr and Ivana Ebrová/ iNaturalist (CC BY 4.0).
Scorpion stings and pinches are zinc-powered
In the scorpion stingers, the researchers found zinc at the tip of the needle-like structure. But many of the scorpions had a sharp transition to manganese below this point.
Meanwhile, in the outer part of the pincers, called the tarsus, the researchers found zinc. In addition, some scorpion pincers also contained iron. Interestingly, the metal only reinforced the cutting edge of the pincer. That’s the side of the tarsus that endures the most stress from struggling prey.
Edward Vicenzi, at the National Museum of Natural History, commented:
The National Museum of Natural History’s large scorpion collection allowed us to analyze metal enrichment in a wide range of scorpion species, more than have ever been studied before using these techniques. The microscopic-scale methods we used allowed us to identify individual transition metals in extremely high detail, showing us how nature skillfully engineered these metals in the scorpion’s weapons.
Micro X-ray fluorescence microscopy is a high resolution X-ray imaging system that can identify elements. In this stinger from an emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator), the imaging detected zinc (in red) at the tip, with manganese (in green) below it. Image via E. P. Vicenzi/ Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute/ NIST/ Eurekalert!.
Unexpected findings
The scientists thought they’d find higher levels of zinc in chunky, powerful pincers, to be used for crushing prey. But instead, they discovered that scorpions with long, slender pincers had higher levels of zinc.
Campbell said:
This points to a role for zinc beyond hardness, perhaps playing a bigger role in durability. After all, long claws need to grasp prey and prevent it from escaping before being injected by venom. This is an interesting finding because it suggests an evolutionary relationship between how a weapon is used and the specific properties of the metal that reinforces it.
Bottom line: Scientists found that the stingers and pincers in 18 scorpion species contain deposits of zinc, manganese and iron, varying depending on how each species uses its appendages.
This is a granulated thick-tailed scorpion (Parabuthus granulatus), photographed in Debeden, South Africa. So why are scorpion stings so painful? A new study explored how metal makes scorpion stingers and pincers more formidable. Image via Ryan van Huyssteen/ iNaturalist (CC BY 4.0).
Scorpion stings and pinches are particularly painful because the stingers and pincers are reinforced with metal.
Now, a new study of 18 scorpion species has revealed in new detail how these metals are distributed.
The results reveal how natural selection favors certain types of metals for different purposes in scorpions.
Scorpions are infamous for their imposing pincers and venomous stingers. They use these formidable appendages to defend themselves and attack prey. But why are scorpion stings and pinches so powerful? Metal.
Scientists have long known that scorpion stingers and pincers are often fortified with metals. But is this the case with all scorpions? And with different predation and defense techniques across different scorpion species, do their metal deposits vary too?
In April 2026, researchers published a study that explored these questions.
In it, they analyzed 18 species from a wide range of scorpion families (a term for a group of related animals). They uncovered interesting new details as to how these metals were distributed in pincers and stingers. And their findings offered fresh insight into how natural selection favors certain types of metal deposits for different purposes.
Sam Campbell of the University of Queensland led this research. He said, in a statement:
Scorpions are incredible hunters, and while we knew that metals strengthen the weapons in some species’ arsenals, we don’t know if all scorpions’ weapons contain metal, and if so, whether this metal enrichment relates to how they hunt.
We decided to use microanalytical techniques to unravel where and how these metals are distributed in the scorpions’ weapons to offer a clue as to how and why metal enrichment has been carried through the scorpion family tree.
The research team published their study in the peer-reviewedJournal of the Royal Society Interface on April 29, 2026.
Scorpion stings and pinches vary
Overall, there are about 3,000 species of scorpion, found in all continents except Antarctica. And with such a wide diversity of species comes a wide range of predatory and defense behaviors.
Some scorpions routinely subdue their prey using their stingers to inject venom. But others rarely use them except to quell difficult prey. Scorpions with large powerful pincers use them to crush prey, but have small stingers. Conversely, others have large stingers and small pincers.
The Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History has a collection of preserved scorpions from around the world. In addition to x-ray analysis, the research team performed high-resolution electron microscopy on 18 of these specimens. They specifically examined the pincers and stingers.
The common emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator) was one of the species in this study. It had zinc and manganese in its stinger, with zinc and a little iron in its pincers. Image via Jan Ebr and Ivana Ebrová/ iNaturalist (CC BY 4.0).
Scorpion stings and pinches are zinc-powered
In the scorpion stingers, the researchers found zinc at the tip of the needle-like structure. But many of the scorpions had a sharp transition to manganese below this point.
Meanwhile, in the outer part of the pincers, called the tarsus, the researchers found zinc. In addition, some scorpion pincers also contained iron. Interestingly, the metal only reinforced the cutting edge of the pincer. That’s the side of the tarsus that endures the most stress from struggling prey.
Edward Vicenzi, at the National Museum of Natural History, commented:
The National Museum of Natural History’s large scorpion collection allowed us to analyze metal enrichment in a wide range of scorpion species, more than have ever been studied before using these techniques. The microscopic-scale methods we used allowed us to identify individual transition metals in extremely high detail, showing us how nature skillfully engineered these metals in the scorpion’s weapons.
Micro X-ray fluorescence microscopy is a high resolution X-ray imaging system that can identify elements. In this stinger from an emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator), the imaging detected zinc (in red) at the tip, with manganese (in green) below it. Image via E. P. Vicenzi/ Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute/ NIST/ Eurekalert!.
Unexpected findings
The scientists thought they’d find higher levels of zinc in chunky, powerful pincers, to be used for crushing prey. But instead, they discovered that scorpions with long, slender pincers had higher levels of zinc.
Campbell said:
This points to a role for zinc beyond hardness, perhaps playing a bigger role in durability. After all, long claws need to grasp prey and prevent it from escaping before being injected by venom. This is an interesting finding because it suggests an evolutionary relationship between how a weapon is used and the specific properties of the metal that reinforces it.
Bottom line: Scientists found that the stingers and pincers in 18 scorpion species contain deposits of zinc, manganese and iron, varying depending on how each species uses its appendages.
This composite radar image shows the progression of a derecho on August 10, 2020. This derecho caused 3 deaths and an estimated $11 billion in storm damage. It knocked out power for millions of people. Image via NOAA/ National Weather Service/ Wikipedia.
Derecho is a term weather-watchers like to throw around a lot in the summer. But what is it? It’s a take on the Spanish word derecho which can mean straight ahead. A derecho in meteorology is a widespread, long-lived windstorm. It’s associated with a line of fast-moving thunderstorms that causes damage for more than 240 miles (385 km). And it contains winds of 58 mph (93 kph) or greater along most the length of the storm’s path.
Derechos are the result of downburst clusters, or groups of downbursts. These downbursts are strong damaging wind gusts in a thunderstorm moving downward. An individual downburst can be up to 6 miles (10 km) in size. On the other hand, a downburst cluster can be up to 60 miles (100 km) long. The damage that derechos produce is due to straight-line winds, as opposed to the swirling winds of a tornado.
Sometimes people mistakenly call derechos “inland hurricanes” or even large tornadoes. But neither of these are true. Hurricanes form over warm ocean water. Meanwhile, derechos can produce hurricane-force winds and form over land, usually as a complex of thunderstorms, before strengthening further. And the widest tornado on record in the United States was 2.6 miles wide. That’s far smaller than the hundreds of miles wide some derechos can be. We’ve talked a bit of what they are, as well as what they aren’t … so how does a complex of thunderstorms become a derecho?
Damage caused by a 2022 derecho in Barga, Italy. Image via Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).
How do derechos form?
A thunderstorm has a series of updrafts and downdrafts. As the downdraft, which is rain-cooled, reaches the ground, it spreads out. This burst of cooler air is the gust front, sometimes called an outflow boundary. While it can signify a storm is starting to collapse, it can also help fuel more storm development.
The gust front can act as a mini-cold front, forcing warm, humid air up into the sky. And this creates rising motion and prompts the development of another thunderstorm. As that storm gets stronger, it also produces rain-cooled air, strengthening the gust front. This creates an inflow that tilts the updraft of the thunderstorms. Then, the storms expand, producing more rain, which cools more air, which makes the gust front stronger, which causes the thunderstorms to bow out. When thunderstorms bow out, they are called bow echoes, because as those strong winds reach the ground they spread out.
We explain how bow echoes are formed because derechos typically start out as bow echoes. This process can continue across hundreds of miles for hours at a time, impacting thousands – and sometimes even millions – of people.
The dashed orange arrow is an inflow into the storm. The inflow tilts the thunderstorm’s updraft (the red arrow) allowing the storm to expand and produce more rain. It also strengthens the gust front (arc-shaped blue line with blue triangles) and bowing out the storm. Image via NOAA.
When is derecho season?
Like most thunderstorm-related severe weather, derechos are most common in the warmer months, typically May through August. In fact, nearly 70% of all derechos in the United States occur during this period. To break it down further, 22% happen in May, 20% in June and 21% in July. Like any severe weather, though, derechos can happen at any time, even during the cooler months.
Serial derechos are more likely to occur in the cooler months. A serial derecho comes from multiple bow echoes in a large line that can be hundreds of miles long. It often covers a very wide and long area. In the cooler months, these serial derechos will most likely develop from eastern Texas toward the southeast.
Progressive derechos are most common in the warm season. While they can travel hundreds of miles, a progressive derecho is usually narrower, as small as 40 miles (65 km) wide. They can also start narrow and grow to be hundreds of miles wide. Most progressive derechos will occur in the northern Plains and Upper Midwest of the United States.
The most common locations for derechos in the United States. Image via NOAA.
How to prepare for derechos
According to NOAA, derechos kill more people than EF0 and EF1 tornadoes combined, and EF0 and EF1 tornadoes make up 80% of all recorded tornadoes! While tornadoes can cause significant destruction, derechos can cause a wide path of destruction and move into communities at 60 to 70 miles per hour (about 96 to 112 kph).
Roughly half of all recorded derecho deaths were people in vehicles or boats. The boat deaths were typically because the boat overturned due to high winds, causing drowning. The vehicle deaths are due to higher profile vehicles blowing over and smaller cars driven into trees, or, often, trees falling on vehicles.
This is why you need to be prepared. If a derecho is occurring, it will fall under a “Severe Thunderstorm Warning” issued by your local National Weather Service office. Derechos can catch people off guard because they move fast. So no matter what your plans are, but especially if you plan to be outside: Always check the weather!
Get weather alerts
If you plan to be outside, have emergency alerts on your mobile device turned on, or bring a mobile weather radio with you. If you plan on being inside: also have emergency alerts turned on your mobile device, and have a weather radio turned on. While derechos and tornadoes are not the same, if a severe thunderstorm warning is issued for a derecho, take cover inside a sturdy shelter, in a lower floor like you would during a tornado, away from all windows and outside walls. This will best protect you should strong winds blow out windows or a tree falls on your property.
Bottom line: Derechos are fast-moving, widespread wind storms that can produce wind gusts of hurricane-force. They are more common during the warm months of the year in the United States.
This composite radar image shows the progression of a derecho on August 10, 2020. This derecho caused 3 deaths and an estimated $11 billion in storm damage. It knocked out power for millions of people. Image via NOAA/ National Weather Service/ Wikipedia.
Derecho is a term weather-watchers like to throw around a lot in the summer. But what is it? It’s a take on the Spanish word derecho which can mean straight ahead. A derecho in meteorology is a widespread, long-lived windstorm. It’s associated with a line of fast-moving thunderstorms that causes damage for more than 240 miles (385 km). And it contains winds of 58 mph (93 kph) or greater along most the length of the storm’s path.
Derechos are the result of downburst clusters, or groups of downbursts. These downbursts are strong damaging wind gusts in a thunderstorm moving downward. An individual downburst can be up to 6 miles (10 km) in size. On the other hand, a downburst cluster can be up to 60 miles (100 km) long. The damage that derechos produce is due to straight-line winds, as opposed to the swirling winds of a tornado.
Sometimes people mistakenly call derechos “inland hurricanes” or even large tornadoes. But neither of these are true. Hurricanes form over warm ocean water. Meanwhile, derechos can produce hurricane-force winds and form over land, usually as a complex of thunderstorms, before strengthening further. And the widest tornado on record in the United States was 2.6 miles wide. That’s far smaller than the hundreds of miles wide some derechos can be. We’ve talked a bit of what they are, as well as what they aren’t … so how does a complex of thunderstorms become a derecho?
Damage caused by a 2022 derecho in Barga, Italy. Image via Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).
How do derechos form?
A thunderstorm has a series of updrafts and downdrafts. As the downdraft, which is rain-cooled, reaches the ground, it spreads out. This burst of cooler air is the gust front, sometimes called an outflow boundary. While it can signify a storm is starting to collapse, it can also help fuel more storm development.
The gust front can act as a mini-cold front, forcing warm, humid air up into the sky. And this creates rising motion and prompts the development of another thunderstorm. As that storm gets stronger, it also produces rain-cooled air, strengthening the gust front. This creates an inflow that tilts the updraft of the thunderstorms. Then, the storms expand, producing more rain, which cools more air, which makes the gust front stronger, which causes the thunderstorms to bow out. When thunderstorms bow out, they are called bow echoes, because as those strong winds reach the ground they spread out.
We explain how bow echoes are formed because derechos typically start out as bow echoes. This process can continue across hundreds of miles for hours at a time, impacting thousands – and sometimes even millions – of people.
The dashed orange arrow is an inflow into the storm. The inflow tilts the thunderstorm’s updraft (the red arrow) allowing the storm to expand and produce more rain. It also strengthens the gust front (arc-shaped blue line with blue triangles) and bowing out the storm. Image via NOAA.
When is derecho season?
Like most thunderstorm-related severe weather, derechos are most common in the warmer months, typically May through August. In fact, nearly 70% of all derechos in the United States occur during this period. To break it down further, 22% happen in May, 20% in June and 21% in July. Like any severe weather, though, derechos can happen at any time, even during the cooler months.
Serial derechos are more likely to occur in the cooler months. A serial derecho comes from multiple bow echoes in a large line that can be hundreds of miles long. It often covers a very wide and long area. In the cooler months, these serial derechos will most likely develop from eastern Texas toward the southeast.
Progressive derechos are most common in the warm season. While they can travel hundreds of miles, a progressive derecho is usually narrower, as small as 40 miles (65 km) wide. They can also start narrow and grow to be hundreds of miles wide. Most progressive derechos will occur in the northern Plains and Upper Midwest of the United States.
The most common locations for derechos in the United States. Image via NOAA.
How to prepare for derechos
According to NOAA, derechos kill more people than EF0 and EF1 tornadoes combined, and EF0 and EF1 tornadoes make up 80% of all recorded tornadoes! While tornadoes can cause significant destruction, derechos can cause a wide path of destruction and move into communities at 60 to 70 miles per hour (about 96 to 112 kph).
Roughly half of all recorded derecho deaths were people in vehicles or boats. The boat deaths were typically because the boat overturned due to high winds, causing drowning. The vehicle deaths are due to higher profile vehicles blowing over and smaller cars driven into trees, or, often, trees falling on vehicles.
This is why you need to be prepared. If a derecho is occurring, it will fall under a “Severe Thunderstorm Warning” issued by your local National Weather Service office. Derechos can catch people off guard because they move fast. So no matter what your plans are, but especially if you plan to be outside: Always check the weather!
Get weather alerts
If you plan to be outside, have emergency alerts on your mobile device turned on, or bring a mobile weather radio with you. If you plan on being inside: also have emergency alerts turned on your mobile device, and have a weather radio turned on. While derechos and tornadoes are not the same, if a severe thunderstorm warning is issued for a derecho, take cover inside a sturdy shelter, in a lower floor like you would during a tornado, away from all windows and outside walls. This will best protect you should strong winds blow out windows or a tree falls on your property.
Bottom line: Derechos are fast-moving, widespread wind storms that can produce wind gusts of hurricane-force. They are more common during the warm months of the year in the United States.
This is one of the thousands of images from the Artemis 2 mission that NASA recently released. In this image, you can see the moon, with some craters visible at top left, and the glow of the eclipsed sun shining behind. Over the weekend, NASA released 12,000 Artemis pics to the public. See our favorites below. Image via NASA.
NASA releases 12,000 Artemis pics!
NASA has released more than 12,000 images from the Artemis 2 mission on its website. They are a collection of views of Earth and the moon that the astronauts captured while aboard their spacecraft, Integrity. The website is here. Note that a high interest in the images has caused the website to go offline numerous times since NASA released the pictures.
To find images from the Artemis 2 mission, you’ll want to click on Search Photos. Then scroll down to the box that says “Search using NASA Photo IDs” and enter ART002-E (for the Artemis 2 mission). Then hit Run Query. Voilà!
At this point, the image data is mostly blank. A few of the downloads shared information on which astronaut – Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen – took the image. But most did not. Eventually, the details on who took each photo with what equipment and what you’re seeing in the photo will come.
It’s not the smoothest process! But thankfully, beloved science communicator Hank Green has built a solution. He’s created a website that allows you to view the best Artemis 2 mission photos in chronological order. Take a look. And he’s currently running a public vote to find the best of the new 12,000 photos so he can add them to the site. You can take part here.
And now, relive the thrill of the mission with some of EarthSky’s favorite images below.
Reid Wiseman took this image showing sunlight peeking out from behind the moon. You can even see some unevenness in the moon’s terrain on the limb (edge). Image via NASA.Here’s a shot of the moon that Reid Wiseman took during their lunar flyby. Instead of a man in the moon, can you see craters that almost create an image of a bear’s face near the center of the image? Image via NASA.This closeup of the moon’s cratered limb is from Victor Glover. Image via NASA.Christina Koch captured this image of the moon (left) and distant Earth (right). Image via NASA.
Looking toward home
Here’s a view of the crescent Earth from the window of the Integrity spacecraft. Image via NASA.This is the “dark side” of Earth, with the sun lighting up the limb (edge) on the right. Image via NASA.Victor Glover took this image of Earth’s thin atmosphere lit from behind. Image via NASA.Victor Glover captured this image of home. Image via NASA.
Seeing stars
The Artemis 2 astronauts also had a good view of the Milky Way galaxy. Image via NASA.Here’s a view of the Milky Way with a time lapse that reveals star trails. Image via NASA.
Bottom line: NASA has released more than 12,000 Artemis pics to the public. See some of our favorites here and find out how to access them yourself!
This is one of the thousands of images from the Artemis 2 mission that NASA recently released. In this image, you can see the moon, with some craters visible at top left, and the glow of the eclipsed sun shining behind. Over the weekend, NASA released 12,000 Artemis pics to the public. See our favorites below. Image via NASA.
NASA releases 12,000 Artemis pics!
NASA has released more than 12,000 images from the Artemis 2 mission on its website. They are a collection of views of Earth and the moon that the astronauts captured while aboard their spacecraft, Integrity. The website is here. Note that a high interest in the images has caused the website to go offline numerous times since NASA released the pictures.
To find images from the Artemis 2 mission, you’ll want to click on Search Photos. Then scroll down to the box that says “Search using NASA Photo IDs” and enter ART002-E (for the Artemis 2 mission). Then hit Run Query. Voilà!
At this point, the image data is mostly blank. A few of the downloads shared information on which astronaut – Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen – took the image. But most did not. Eventually, the details on who took each photo with what equipment and what you’re seeing in the photo will come.
It’s not the smoothest process! But thankfully, beloved science communicator Hank Green has built a solution. He’s created a website that allows you to view the best Artemis 2 mission photos in chronological order. Take a look. And he’s currently running a public vote to find the best of the new 12,000 photos so he can add them to the site. You can take part here.
And now, relive the thrill of the mission with some of EarthSky’s favorite images below.
Reid Wiseman took this image showing sunlight peeking out from behind the moon. You can even see some unevenness in the moon’s terrain on the limb (edge). Image via NASA.Here’s a shot of the moon that Reid Wiseman took during their lunar flyby. Instead of a man in the moon, can you see craters that almost create an image of a bear’s face near the center of the image? Image via NASA.This closeup of the moon’s cratered limb is from Victor Glover. Image via NASA.Christina Koch captured this image of the moon (left) and distant Earth (right). Image via NASA.
Looking toward home
Here’s a view of the crescent Earth from the window of the Integrity spacecraft. Image via NASA.This is the “dark side” of Earth, with the sun lighting up the limb (edge) on the right. Image via NASA.Victor Glover took this image of Earth’s thin atmosphere lit from behind. Image via NASA.Victor Glover captured this image of home. Image via NASA.
Seeing stars
The Artemis 2 astronauts also had a good view of the Milky Way galaxy. Image via NASA.Here’s a view of the Milky Way with a time lapse that reveals star trails. Image via NASA.
Bottom line: NASA has released more than 12,000 Artemis pics to the public. See some of our favorites here and find out how to access them yourself!
On this day in May 6, 1968: Neil Armstrong’s close call
In 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the moon. But things could have been very different. More than a year earlier, he narrowly escaped from a dramatic accident during training.
He was flying in the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV) at Ellington Air Force Base near Houston. The LLRV had been designed to simulate a descent to the moon’s surface, and all the lunar astronauts trained in it. That day, while Armstrong was piloting, a leaking propellant caused a total failure of his flight controls.
He attempted to right the vehicle, but to no avail. The craft plummeted to the ground … and he ejected just before impact. See the dramatic footage of Neil Armstrong’s close call above.
Neil Armstrong in the lunar module Eagle shortly after his historic 1st moonwalk, when he became the 1st human to set foot on a world besides Earth. Image via NASA/ Wikipedia.
Armstrong made it through unscathed
Armstrong was fine. He bit his tongue hard during his landing by parachute, but otherwise was uninjured. Smithsonian magazine described this encounter between Armstrong and another astronaut later that day:
… astronaut Alan Bean saw Armstrong that afternoon at his desk in the astronaut office. Bean then heard colleagues in the hall talking about the accident, and asked them: ‘When did this happen?’, ‘About an hour ago,’ they replied.
Bean returned to Armstrong and said: ‘I just heard the funniest story!’ Armstrong said: ‘What?’
‘I heard that you bailed out of the LLRV an hour ago.’
‘Yeah, I did,’ replied Armstrong. ‘I lost control and had to bail out of the darn thing.’
Bean later recalled: ‘I can’t think of another person, let alone another astronaut, who would have just gone back to his office after ejecting a fraction of a second before getting killed.’
So no doubt … Armstrong was made of the right stuff for space travel!
Bottom line: On May 6, 1968 – more than a year before his famous first moonwalk – Neil Armstrong narrowly escaped disaster during a training accident.
On this day in May 6, 1968: Neil Armstrong’s close call
In 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the moon. But things could have been very different. More than a year earlier, he narrowly escaped from a dramatic accident during training.
He was flying in the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle (LLRV) at Ellington Air Force Base near Houston. The LLRV had been designed to simulate a descent to the moon’s surface, and all the lunar astronauts trained in it. That day, while Armstrong was piloting, a leaking propellant caused a total failure of his flight controls.
He attempted to right the vehicle, but to no avail. The craft plummeted to the ground … and he ejected just before impact. See the dramatic footage of Neil Armstrong’s close call above.
Neil Armstrong in the lunar module Eagle shortly after his historic 1st moonwalk, when he became the 1st human to set foot on a world besides Earth. Image via NASA/ Wikipedia.
Armstrong made it through unscathed
Armstrong was fine. He bit his tongue hard during his landing by parachute, but otherwise was uninjured. Smithsonian magazine described this encounter between Armstrong and another astronaut later that day:
… astronaut Alan Bean saw Armstrong that afternoon at his desk in the astronaut office. Bean then heard colleagues in the hall talking about the accident, and asked them: ‘When did this happen?’, ‘About an hour ago,’ they replied.
Bean returned to Armstrong and said: ‘I just heard the funniest story!’ Armstrong said: ‘What?’
‘I heard that you bailed out of the LLRV an hour ago.’
‘Yeah, I did,’ replied Armstrong. ‘I lost control and had to bail out of the darn thing.’
Bean later recalled: ‘I can’t think of another person, let alone another astronaut, who would have just gone back to his office after ejecting a fraction of a second before getting killed.’
So no doubt … Armstrong was made of the right stuff for space travel!
Bottom line: On May 6, 1968 – more than a year before his famous first moonwalk – Neil Armstrong narrowly escaped disaster during a training accident.
The globular cluster Omega Centauri – with as many as 10 million stars – shows all its splendor in this image captured with ESO’s La Silla Observatory. Image via ESO/ Wikimedia Commons.
Omega Centauri is the largest known globular star cluster of the Milky Way. This behemoth, also known as NGC 5139, contains about 10 million stars, and has a diameter of about 150 light-years. That makes it 10 times more massive than a typical globular cluster.
It’s not only Omega Centauri’s great size that sets it apart from other globular star clusters. While most globular clusters are made of stars of a similar age and composition, Omega Centauri is different. It holds stellar populations that formed at various periods of time. It may be that Omega Centauri is something other than a globular cluster. Instead, it might be a remnant of a small galaxy absorbed by our Milky Way galaxy in the distant past!
Despite all its stars, scientists have said Omega Centauri is probably not home to life. Why? Stars are packed so tightly inside Omega Centauri that the average distance between stars in the cluster’s core is 0.1 light-years. That’s much closer than the sun’s nearest neighbor, Proxima Centauri, at 4.25 light-years. So scientists suspect that stars in Omega Centauri would gravitationally interact with each other too frequently to harbor stable habitable planets.
What’s a globular star cluster?
The symmetrical, round appearance of Omega Centauri distinguishes it from star clusters such as the Pleiades and Hyades. These are examples of what astronomers call open star clusters.
An open star cluster is a loose gathering of dozens to hundreds of young stars that formed together within the disk of the Milky Way galaxy. Open clusters are weakly held together by gravity, and tend to disperse after several hundreds of millions of years.
Globular clusters, on the other hand, orbit the Milky Way outside the galactic disk. They harbor tens of thousands to millions of stars. Tightly bound by gravity, globular clusters remain intact for billions of years.
Omega Centauri is the most luminous of all globular star clusters, making it a great object for stargazers. It sits far to the south on the sky’s dome. It’s visible from the southern half of the United States, or south of 40 degrees north latitude (the latitude of Denver, Colorado and Beijing, China).
However, it’s been said that Canadians can spot Omega Centauri from as far north as Point Pelee (42 degrees north latitude). When seeing conditions are just right, they say they can catch Omega Centauri skimming along the surface of Lake Erie.
On the other hand, from the Southern Hemisphere, Omega Centauri appears much higher in the sky and is a glorious sight.
From the Southern Hemisphere, use the bright constellation Crux as a guide to find Centaurus and Omega Centauri.
It’s visible to the unaided eye
At about 16,000 light-years away, Omega Centauri is one of the few of our galaxy’s 150 or so globular clusters that is visible to the unaided eye.
It shines at +3.9 magnitude. It looks like a faint, fuzzy star. Like any globular cluster, Omega Centauri is best viewed with a telescope. Even a small scope will reveal a delicate, glittering ball of stars that becomes almost impossibly dense toward the center.
Finding Omega Centauri from the Northern Hemisphere
From some northerly latitudes, Omega Centauri is never visible. But it can be seen in more southerly parts of the Nothern Hemisphere. To see if it’s visible where you are, try inputting your location in Stellarium.
If you’re in part of the Northern Hemisphere that can see this cluster, know that it can only be seen at certain times of the year. It’s best seen in the evening sky from the Northern Hemisphere late on April, May and June evenings.
So around mid-May, this wondrous star cluster is highest up and due south around 11 p.m. your local daylight-saving time.
Then, by mid-June, Omega Centauri is highest up and due south around 10 p.m. your local daylight-saving time.
Some Northern Hemisphere residents can see Omega Centauri from January through April as well, but they must be willing to stay up past midnight or get up before dawn.
Use the bright blue-white star Spica to locate the large Omega Centauri star cluster on Northern Hemisphere spring evenings. This chart shows the view from 35 degrees north latitude. Image via Stellarium.
Use the Big Dipper to find Spica
For those in the Northern Hemisphere, Spica, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo the Maiden, serves as your guide star to Omega Centauri.
When Spica and Omega Centauri transit – appear due south and reach the highest point in the sky – they do so in unison. However, Omega Centauri transits about 35 degrees south of (or below) sparkling blue-white Spica. For reference, your fist at arm’s length is roughly 10 degrees on the sky. Find Spica by following the arc in the handle of the Big Dipper.
Use the Big Dipper to locate the stars Arcturus and Spica.
Photos from our EarthSky community
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Giuseppe Pappa from Sicily, Italy, used a remote telescope in Namibia to capture this view of globular cluster Omega Centauri on May 22, 2025. Giuseppe wrote: “Omega Centauri taken remotely from Namibia. For me it is one of the most beautiful and exotic objects in the sky. Where I live in Sicily, in this period, is visible very low above the horizon. This time I photographed it from Namibia with a remotely-controlled telescope.” Thank you, Giuseppe!View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Scott Smith of Palmetto, Florida, captured this image on March 3 2025. Scott wrote: “Omega Centauri (NGC 5139 or Caldwell 80) is a globular cluster in the constellation of Centaurus. Located at a distance of 17,090 light-years, it is the largest known globular cluster in the Milky Way at a diameter of roughly 150 light-years. It is estimated to contain approximately 10 million stars, making it the most massive known globular cluster in the Milky Way.” Thank you, Scott!
Bottom line: The Milky Way’s largest globular star cluster, Omega Centauri, contains about 10 million stars. It’s visible from the Southern Hemisphere as well as parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
The globular cluster Omega Centauri – with as many as 10 million stars – shows all its splendor in this image captured with ESO’s La Silla Observatory. Image via ESO/ Wikimedia Commons.
Omega Centauri is the largest known globular star cluster of the Milky Way. This behemoth, also known as NGC 5139, contains about 10 million stars, and has a diameter of about 150 light-years. That makes it 10 times more massive than a typical globular cluster.
It’s not only Omega Centauri’s great size that sets it apart from other globular star clusters. While most globular clusters are made of stars of a similar age and composition, Omega Centauri is different. It holds stellar populations that formed at various periods of time. It may be that Omega Centauri is something other than a globular cluster. Instead, it might be a remnant of a small galaxy absorbed by our Milky Way galaxy in the distant past!
Despite all its stars, scientists have said Omega Centauri is probably not home to life. Why? Stars are packed so tightly inside Omega Centauri that the average distance between stars in the cluster’s core is 0.1 light-years. That’s much closer than the sun’s nearest neighbor, Proxima Centauri, at 4.25 light-years. So scientists suspect that stars in Omega Centauri would gravitationally interact with each other too frequently to harbor stable habitable planets.
What’s a globular star cluster?
The symmetrical, round appearance of Omega Centauri distinguishes it from star clusters such as the Pleiades and Hyades. These are examples of what astronomers call open star clusters.
An open star cluster is a loose gathering of dozens to hundreds of young stars that formed together within the disk of the Milky Way galaxy. Open clusters are weakly held together by gravity, and tend to disperse after several hundreds of millions of years.
Globular clusters, on the other hand, orbit the Milky Way outside the galactic disk. They harbor tens of thousands to millions of stars. Tightly bound by gravity, globular clusters remain intact for billions of years.
Omega Centauri is the most luminous of all globular star clusters, making it a great object for stargazers. It sits far to the south on the sky’s dome. It’s visible from the southern half of the United States, or south of 40 degrees north latitude (the latitude of Denver, Colorado and Beijing, China).
However, it’s been said that Canadians can spot Omega Centauri from as far north as Point Pelee (42 degrees north latitude). When seeing conditions are just right, they say they can catch Omega Centauri skimming along the surface of Lake Erie.
On the other hand, from the Southern Hemisphere, Omega Centauri appears much higher in the sky and is a glorious sight.
From the Southern Hemisphere, use the bright constellation Crux as a guide to find Centaurus and Omega Centauri.
It’s visible to the unaided eye
At about 16,000 light-years away, Omega Centauri is one of the few of our galaxy’s 150 or so globular clusters that is visible to the unaided eye.
It shines at +3.9 magnitude. It looks like a faint, fuzzy star. Like any globular cluster, Omega Centauri is best viewed with a telescope. Even a small scope will reveal a delicate, glittering ball of stars that becomes almost impossibly dense toward the center.
Finding Omega Centauri from the Northern Hemisphere
From some northerly latitudes, Omega Centauri is never visible. But it can be seen in more southerly parts of the Nothern Hemisphere. To see if it’s visible where you are, try inputting your location in Stellarium.
If you’re in part of the Northern Hemisphere that can see this cluster, know that it can only be seen at certain times of the year. It’s best seen in the evening sky from the Northern Hemisphere late on April, May and June evenings.
So around mid-May, this wondrous star cluster is highest up and due south around 11 p.m. your local daylight-saving time.
Then, by mid-June, Omega Centauri is highest up and due south around 10 p.m. your local daylight-saving time.
Some Northern Hemisphere residents can see Omega Centauri from January through April as well, but they must be willing to stay up past midnight or get up before dawn.
Use the bright blue-white star Spica to locate the large Omega Centauri star cluster on Northern Hemisphere spring evenings. This chart shows the view from 35 degrees north latitude. Image via Stellarium.
Use the Big Dipper to find Spica
For those in the Northern Hemisphere, Spica, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo the Maiden, serves as your guide star to Omega Centauri.
When Spica and Omega Centauri transit – appear due south and reach the highest point in the sky – they do so in unison. However, Omega Centauri transits about 35 degrees south of (or below) sparkling blue-white Spica. For reference, your fist at arm’s length is roughly 10 degrees on the sky. Find Spica by following the arc in the handle of the Big Dipper.
Use the Big Dipper to locate the stars Arcturus and Spica.
Photos from our EarthSky community
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Giuseppe Pappa from Sicily, Italy, used a remote telescope in Namibia to capture this view of globular cluster Omega Centauri on May 22, 2025. Giuseppe wrote: “Omega Centauri taken remotely from Namibia. For me it is one of the most beautiful and exotic objects in the sky. Where I live in Sicily, in this period, is visible very low above the horizon. This time I photographed it from Namibia with a remotely-controlled telescope.” Thank you, Giuseppe!View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Scott Smith of Palmetto, Florida, captured this image on March 3 2025. Scott wrote: “Omega Centauri (NGC 5139 or Caldwell 80) is a globular cluster in the constellation of Centaurus. Located at a distance of 17,090 light-years, it is the largest known globular cluster in the Milky Way at a diameter of roughly 150 light-years. It is estimated to contain approximately 10 million stars, making it the most massive known globular cluster in the Milky Way.” Thank you, Scott!
Bottom line: The Milky Way’s largest globular star cluster, Omega Centauri, contains about 10 million stars. It’s visible from the Southern Hemisphere as well as parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr. was the 1st American in space. Here he is in his silver pressure suit with the helmet visor closed, preparing for his historic flight into space. Date of photo: April 20, 1961. Image via NASA.
May 5, 1961. Just 23 days after Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union became the first person in space, NASA launched astronaut Alan Shepard aboard the Freedom 7 capsule powered by a Redstone booster to become the first American in space. His historic flight began from Cape Canaveral in Florida and, notably, lasted 15 minutes and 28 seconds before a splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean.
During the rocket’s acceleration, Shepard experienced 6.3 g (g-forces), or 6.3 times his normal weight, just before shutdown of the Redstone engine two minutes and 22 seconds after liftoff. Soon after, America’s first space traveler got sight of the Earth from above and became the first astronaut to say:
What a beautiful view.
Splashdown: Mission success!
His spacecraft splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean, 302 miles (486 kilometers) from Cape Canaveral. Subsequently, a helicopter recovered him and Freedom 7 and transported them to the waiting aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain. After his flight, the astronaut joked:
It’s a very sobering feeling to be up in space and realize that one’s safety factor was determined by the lowest bidder on a government contract.
A serviceman hoists Alan Shepard out of the ocean and onto an awaiting helicopter in 1961. Image via NASA.
Project Mercury put the 1st American in space
Alan Shepard was one of 110 test flight pilots who volunteered for NASA’s manned space flight program – Project Mercury – in 1959. Later, NASA selected him and six other pilots to be part of the project. All of the pilots went through a rigorous training regimen before NASA made a final selection. Of these magnificent seven, America’s first astronauts, NASA chose Shepard to become the first American to travel into space.
Meanwhile, the first American to orbit Earth was John Glenn, aboard Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962.
Trajectory of Alan Shepard’s flight aboard Freedom 7 on May 5, 1961. Image via NASA.
Competing against the Soviet Union during the Cold War
NASA launched Alan Shepard into space against a backdrop of the Cold War. The Soviet Union had launched Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961, aboard a spacecraft named Vostok (Russian for East). Gagarin completed a single orbit of the Earth, landing after a flight of one hour and 29 minutes. Consequently, he became a hero in the Soviet Union and around the world.
Then three weeks later, NASA astronaut Alan Shepard flew aboard a Mercury spacecraft, which he had named Freedom 7. Kurt Debus, who was NASA’s Launch Operations director at the time and who would go on to serve as the first director of the Kennedy Space Center, said years later:
We knew we were in a competitive situation. But, we never permitted the pressure to make us take risks that might endanger Shepard’s life or the success of the mission.
The Space Race heats up
Just weeks after Shepard’s flight, the Space Race began to heat up. Significantly, on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy gave a stirring speech before a joint session of Congress, in which he declared his intention to focus U.S. efforts on landing humans on the moon within a decade. Among other things, he said:
I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth.
In due time, the first human footsteps on the moon took place on July 20, 1969. On that date, Apollo 11’s lunar module – named the Eagle – successfully landed on the moon.
The New Shepard crew capsule – named for Alan Shepard – separates from its propulsion module during an October 5, 2016, in-flight test. New Shepard is a reusable launch system – a vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing suborbital manned rocket – being developed by Blue Origin as a commercial system for suborbital space tourism. Image via Blue Origin/ SpaceNews.com.
Bottom line: Alan Shepard became the first American in space on May 5, 1961. His suborbital flight took place just three weeks after the Soviet Union’s Yuri Gagarin orbited Earth.
Astronaut Alan B. Shepard Jr. was the 1st American in space. Here he is in his silver pressure suit with the helmet visor closed, preparing for his historic flight into space. Date of photo: April 20, 1961. Image via NASA.
May 5, 1961. Just 23 days after Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union became the first person in space, NASA launched astronaut Alan Shepard aboard the Freedom 7 capsule powered by a Redstone booster to become the first American in space. His historic flight began from Cape Canaveral in Florida and, notably, lasted 15 minutes and 28 seconds before a splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean.
During the rocket’s acceleration, Shepard experienced 6.3 g (g-forces), or 6.3 times his normal weight, just before shutdown of the Redstone engine two minutes and 22 seconds after liftoff. Soon after, America’s first space traveler got sight of the Earth from above and became the first astronaut to say:
What a beautiful view.
Splashdown: Mission success!
His spacecraft splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean, 302 miles (486 kilometers) from Cape Canaveral. Subsequently, a helicopter recovered him and Freedom 7 and transported them to the waiting aircraft carrier USS Lake Champlain. After his flight, the astronaut joked:
It’s a very sobering feeling to be up in space and realize that one’s safety factor was determined by the lowest bidder on a government contract.
A serviceman hoists Alan Shepard out of the ocean and onto an awaiting helicopter in 1961. Image via NASA.
Project Mercury put the 1st American in space
Alan Shepard was one of 110 test flight pilots who volunteered for NASA’s manned space flight program – Project Mercury – in 1959. Later, NASA selected him and six other pilots to be part of the project. All of the pilots went through a rigorous training regimen before NASA made a final selection. Of these magnificent seven, America’s first astronauts, NASA chose Shepard to become the first American to travel into space.
Meanwhile, the first American to orbit Earth was John Glenn, aboard Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962.
Trajectory of Alan Shepard’s flight aboard Freedom 7 on May 5, 1961. Image via NASA.
Competing against the Soviet Union during the Cold War
NASA launched Alan Shepard into space against a backdrop of the Cold War. The Soviet Union had launched Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961, aboard a spacecraft named Vostok (Russian for East). Gagarin completed a single orbit of the Earth, landing after a flight of one hour and 29 minutes. Consequently, he became a hero in the Soviet Union and around the world.
Then three weeks later, NASA astronaut Alan Shepard flew aboard a Mercury spacecraft, which he had named Freedom 7. Kurt Debus, who was NASA’s Launch Operations director at the time and who would go on to serve as the first director of the Kennedy Space Center, said years later:
We knew we were in a competitive situation. But, we never permitted the pressure to make us take risks that might endanger Shepard’s life or the success of the mission.
The Space Race heats up
Just weeks after Shepard’s flight, the Space Race began to heat up. Significantly, on May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy gave a stirring speech before a joint session of Congress, in which he declared his intention to focus U.S. efforts on landing humans on the moon within a decade. Among other things, he said:
I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth.
In due time, the first human footsteps on the moon took place on July 20, 1969. On that date, Apollo 11’s lunar module – named the Eagle – successfully landed on the moon.
The New Shepard crew capsule – named for Alan Shepard – separates from its propulsion module during an October 5, 2016, in-flight test. New Shepard is a reusable launch system – a vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing suborbital manned rocket – being developed by Blue Origin as a commercial system for suborbital space tourism. Image via Blue Origin/ SpaceNews.com.
Bottom line: Alan Shepard became the first American in space on May 5, 1961. His suborbital flight took place just three weeks after the Soviet Union’s Yuri Gagarin orbited Earth.
Archaeologists used AI to create this image of a man fleeing in ancient Pompeii, which was destroyed during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. So the image is fake … but the man was real. His skeleton was found holding a bowl over his head as he fled. Image via Pompeii Archaeological Park/ University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory/ Ministry of Culture.
Archaeologists recreate Pompeii victim using AI technology
In 79 CE, Mount Vesuvius erupted above Pompeii, Italy, filling the air with flying rocks. A man ran through the streets of the Porta Stabia neighborhood, holding a terracotta bowl over his head for protection from the heavy shower of volcanic ash. But it wasn’t enough. He didn’t escape the devastation.
In 2024, archaeologists unearthed the skeleton of this man just outside one of Pompeii’s busiest gates. They found him curled up with the fractured terracotta bowl near his head. He also carried a ceramic lamp in an attempt to see through the ash-darkened streets. And he wore a small iron ring on his left little finger and carried 10 bronze coins.
On April 27, 2026, the Pompeii Archaeological Park in Italy said that, for the first time, it has reconstructed the moments just before the man’s ultimate fate, using AI digital technology.
Researchers used artificial intelligence software and photo editing techniques to create the image above. They wanted to present a scientifically sound image that was still accessible to the general public.
The Pompeii Archaeological Park, in collaboration with the University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory and the Ministry of Culture, created the AI reconstruction based on the skeleton and nearby materials. Minister of Culture Alessandro Giuli talked about the intersection of excavations and AI. Giuli said:
The investigations conducted with these excavations demonstrate that innovative methodologies, used rigorously, can offer us new historical perspectives.
The vastness of archaeological data at Pompeii and beyond is now such that only with the help of artificial intelligence will we be able to adequately protect and enhance it. If used well, AI can contribute to a renewal of classical studies, narrating the classical world in a more immersive way.
The project opens a broader debate on the use of AI in archaeology: a technology that can contribute to the production of interpretative models and the improvement of communication tools, but which requires controlled and methodologically sound use, always in integration with the work of specialists.
Reconstructing the last moments
Luciano Floridi is the founding director of the Digital Ethics Center at Yale. Floridi said:
The man of Pompeii fled with a mortar on his head, a lamp in his hand, and ten coins: he carried whatever he thought was useful for orienting himself in the darkness. Two thousand years later, AI is helping us reconstruct his last moments.
AI does not replace the archaeologist. Under its control, it expands and deepens his potential and makes accessible to many what was previously accessible only to a few. Without AI, much of the heritage risks remaining unexplored for those who practice archaeology, and silent for those who love it …
AI produces hypotheses, not truths. Hypotheses must be reviewed, discussed, corrected, integrated, approved. Scientific responsibility cannot be delegated. But the risk is not that AI makes mistakes: it’s that we stop thinking by using it. The humanities teach us precisely this, to distinguish reconstruction from fantasy. Pompeii, once again, is the great laboratory that teaches us.
Pliny the Younger
The story of this man who ran for his life while trying to protect his head echoes the stories told by an eyewitness. Pliny the Younger wrote two accounts of the eruption at Pompeii. In them, he described people trying to protect their heads with objects, including tying pillows to their heads.
Photos from the excavation
The skeleton of the man was near a large terracotta bowl that had a fracture. Image via Pompeii Archaeological Park/ University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory/ Ministry of Culture.Archaeologists also found a ceramic lamp near the skeleton of the man who was trying to protect his head. Image via Pompeii Archaeological Park/ University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory/ Ministry of Culture.There was a second victim uncovered close to the man with the bowl protecting his head. This victim was a bit younger and likely died some hours after the first man. Archaeologists think he was overcome as he tried to run from the pyroclastic flow. A pyroclastic flow is fast-moving gas and ash that sweeps down from an eruption. These flows kill via incineration and asphyxiation. Image via Pompeii Archaeological Park/ University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory/ Ministry of Culture.
Bottom line: Archaeologists have used AI technology to recreate a Pompeii victim. The man fled the volcano while trying to protect his head with a terracotta bowl.
Archaeologists used AI to create this image of a man fleeing in ancient Pompeii, which was destroyed during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. So the image is fake … but the man was real. His skeleton was found holding a bowl over his head as he fled. Image via Pompeii Archaeological Park/ University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory/ Ministry of Culture.
Archaeologists recreate Pompeii victim using AI technology
In 79 CE, Mount Vesuvius erupted above Pompeii, Italy, filling the air with flying rocks. A man ran through the streets of the Porta Stabia neighborhood, holding a terracotta bowl over his head for protection from the heavy shower of volcanic ash. But it wasn’t enough. He didn’t escape the devastation.
In 2024, archaeologists unearthed the skeleton of this man just outside one of Pompeii’s busiest gates. They found him curled up with the fractured terracotta bowl near his head. He also carried a ceramic lamp in an attempt to see through the ash-darkened streets. And he wore a small iron ring on his left little finger and carried 10 bronze coins.
On April 27, 2026, the Pompeii Archaeological Park in Italy said that, for the first time, it has reconstructed the moments just before the man’s ultimate fate, using AI digital technology.
Researchers used artificial intelligence software and photo editing techniques to create the image above. They wanted to present a scientifically sound image that was still accessible to the general public.
The Pompeii Archaeological Park, in collaboration with the University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory and the Ministry of Culture, created the AI reconstruction based on the skeleton and nearby materials. Minister of Culture Alessandro Giuli talked about the intersection of excavations and AI. Giuli said:
The investigations conducted with these excavations demonstrate that innovative methodologies, used rigorously, can offer us new historical perspectives.
The vastness of archaeological data at Pompeii and beyond is now such that only with the help of artificial intelligence will we be able to adequately protect and enhance it. If used well, AI can contribute to a renewal of classical studies, narrating the classical world in a more immersive way.
The project opens a broader debate on the use of AI in archaeology: a technology that can contribute to the production of interpretative models and the improvement of communication tools, but which requires controlled and methodologically sound use, always in integration with the work of specialists.
Reconstructing the last moments
Luciano Floridi is the founding director of the Digital Ethics Center at Yale. Floridi said:
The man of Pompeii fled with a mortar on his head, a lamp in his hand, and ten coins: he carried whatever he thought was useful for orienting himself in the darkness. Two thousand years later, AI is helping us reconstruct his last moments.
AI does not replace the archaeologist. Under its control, it expands and deepens his potential and makes accessible to many what was previously accessible only to a few. Without AI, much of the heritage risks remaining unexplored for those who practice archaeology, and silent for those who love it …
AI produces hypotheses, not truths. Hypotheses must be reviewed, discussed, corrected, integrated, approved. Scientific responsibility cannot be delegated. But the risk is not that AI makes mistakes: it’s that we stop thinking by using it. The humanities teach us precisely this, to distinguish reconstruction from fantasy. Pompeii, once again, is the great laboratory that teaches us.
Pliny the Younger
The story of this man who ran for his life while trying to protect his head echoes the stories told by an eyewitness. Pliny the Younger wrote two accounts of the eruption at Pompeii. In them, he described people trying to protect their heads with objects, including tying pillows to their heads.
Photos from the excavation
The skeleton of the man was near a large terracotta bowl that had a fracture. Image via Pompeii Archaeological Park/ University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory/ Ministry of Culture.Archaeologists also found a ceramic lamp near the skeleton of the man who was trying to protect his head. Image via Pompeii Archaeological Park/ University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory/ Ministry of Culture.There was a second victim uncovered close to the man with the bowl protecting his head. This victim was a bit younger and likely died some hours after the first man. Archaeologists think he was overcome as he tried to run from the pyroclastic flow. A pyroclastic flow is fast-moving gas and ash that sweeps down from an eruption. These flows kill via incineration and asphyxiation. Image via Pompeii Archaeological Park/ University of Padua – Digital Cultural Heritage Laboratory/ Ministry of Culture.
Bottom line: Archaeologists have used AI technology to recreate a Pompeii victim. The man fled the volcano while trying to protect his head with a terracotta bowl.
