Last contact with SMART-1

A great little anniversary happens on 2 September 2016: the 10th anniversary of SMART-1's final contact moments before its spectacular impact on the Moon on 3 September in 2006 (see comment below about leap years).

SMART-1 travelled to the Moon using solar-electric propulsion and carrying a battery of miniaturised instruments. As well as testing new technology, SMART-1 conducted the first comprehensive inventory of key chemical elements in the lunar surface. It also investigated the theory that the Moon was formed following the violent collision of a smaller planet with Earth, four and a half thousand million years ago (more info via the mission website).

Once SMART-1 has been captured by the Moon's gravity, it begins to work its way closer to the lunar surface. Credit: ESA

Once SMART-1 has been captured by the Moon's gravity, it begins to work its way closer to the lunar surface. Credit: ESA

ESA's web news that day stated:

Early this morning, a small flash illuminated the surface of the Moon as the European Space Agency’s SMART-1 spacecraft impacted onto the lunar soil, in the ‘Lake of Excellence’ region. The planned impact concluded a successful mission that, in addition to testing innovative space technology, had been conducting a thorough scientific exploration of the Moon for about a year and a half.

The SMART-1 impact took place on the near side of the Moon, in a dark area just near the terminator (the line separating the day side from the night side), at a "grazing" angle between 5 and 10 degrees and a speed of about 2 kilometres per second. The impact time and location was planned to favour observations of the impact event from telescopes on Earth, and it was achieved by a series of orbit manoeuvres and corrections performed during the course of summer 2006, the last of which was done on 1 September.

For the last 16 months and until its final orbits, SMART-1 has been studying the Moon, gathering data about the morphology and mineralogical composition of the surface in visible, infrared and X-ray light.

The SMART-1 impact flash seen by the CFHT telescope Credit: Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation

The SMART-1 impact flash seen by the CFHT telescope
Credit: Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation

Herewith, courtesy of SMART-1 spacecraft operations engineer Rick Blake, now working on Mars Express, are a couple of historic screenshots from the mission control system.

First: A screenshot showing the last command successfully executed on board at 05.42.16.370z (07:42:16 CEST) – just 9 seconds before the last signal from the spacecraft was received via ESA's New Norcia, Western Australia, tracking station.

SMART-1 final telecommands Credit: ESA

SMART-1 final telecommands Credit: ESA

Second: A screenshot showing the aforementioned last telemetry – on-board status info – received at 05.42.25.062z (07:42:25 CEST).

SMART-1 final telemetry Credit: ESA

SMART-1 final telemetry Credit: ESA

Rick points out that the final signals were received on 3 Sep 2006, which was Day 246 of that year. So, strictly speaking, the anniversary is Saturday, 3 September 2016. But since 2016 is a leap year, the day-of-the-year number is out of step with 2006 and Friday, 2 Sep 2016 is Day 246.

To cater for this, we will celebrate on both days!

Best wishes to Rick, Spacecraft Operations Manager Octavio Camino and to everyone else on the former mission operations team! Job well done!

 

 



from Rocket Science http://ift.tt/2bFmghw
v

A great little anniversary happens on 2 September 2016: the 10th anniversary of SMART-1's final contact moments before its spectacular impact on the Moon on 3 September in 2006 (see comment below about leap years).

SMART-1 travelled to the Moon using solar-electric propulsion and carrying a battery of miniaturised instruments. As well as testing new technology, SMART-1 conducted the first comprehensive inventory of key chemical elements in the lunar surface. It also investigated the theory that the Moon was formed following the violent collision of a smaller planet with Earth, four and a half thousand million years ago (more info via the mission website).

Once SMART-1 has been captured by the Moon's gravity, it begins to work its way closer to the lunar surface. Credit: ESA

Once SMART-1 has been captured by the Moon's gravity, it begins to work its way closer to the lunar surface. Credit: ESA

ESA's web news that day stated:

Early this morning, a small flash illuminated the surface of the Moon as the European Space Agency’s SMART-1 spacecraft impacted onto the lunar soil, in the ‘Lake of Excellence’ region. The planned impact concluded a successful mission that, in addition to testing innovative space technology, had been conducting a thorough scientific exploration of the Moon for about a year and a half.

The SMART-1 impact took place on the near side of the Moon, in a dark area just near the terminator (the line separating the day side from the night side), at a "grazing" angle between 5 and 10 degrees and a speed of about 2 kilometres per second. The impact time and location was planned to favour observations of the impact event from telescopes on Earth, and it was achieved by a series of orbit manoeuvres and corrections performed during the course of summer 2006, the last of which was done on 1 September.

For the last 16 months and until its final orbits, SMART-1 has been studying the Moon, gathering data about the morphology and mineralogical composition of the surface in visible, infrared and X-ray light.

The SMART-1 impact flash seen by the CFHT telescope Credit: Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation

The SMART-1 impact flash seen by the CFHT telescope
Credit: Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Corporation

Herewith, courtesy of SMART-1 spacecraft operations engineer Rick Blake, now working on Mars Express, are a couple of historic screenshots from the mission control system.

First: A screenshot showing the last command successfully executed on board at 05.42.16.370z (07:42:16 CEST) – just 9 seconds before the last signal from the spacecraft was received via ESA's New Norcia, Western Australia, tracking station.

SMART-1 final telecommands Credit: ESA

SMART-1 final telecommands Credit: ESA

Second: A screenshot showing the aforementioned last telemetry – on-board status info – received at 05.42.25.062z (07:42:25 CEST).

SMART-1 final telemetry Credit: ESA

SMART-1 final telemetry Credit: ESA

Rick points out that the final signals were received on 3 Sep 2006, which was Day 246 of that year. So, strictly speaking, the anniversary is Saturday, 3 September 2016. But since 2016 is a leap year, the day-of-the-year number is out of step with 2006 and Friday, 2 Sep 2016 is Day 246.

To cater for this, we will celebrate on both days!

Best wishes to Rick, Spacecraft Operations Manager Octavio Camino and to everyone else on the former mission operations team! Job well done!

 

 



from Rocket Science http://ift.tt/2bFmghw
v

The Korea-United States Air Quality Mission: An International Cooperative Air Quality Field Study

Now you see it, now you don’t! The photos below were taken in Seoul, South Korea during spring 2016. In the photo on the left, you can see the beautiful Lotte Tower – the tallest building in Seoul.  The photo on the right was taken on a day when fine particulate matter (particle sizes less than 2.5 microns) was exceptionally high—the Lotte Tower is invisible.

Lottetower1Untitled

 

 

 

 

 

 

Over the past few decades, the East Asia region has experienced significant increases in air pollutant emissions due to rapid economic growth and increased energy use.  From May to June 2016, EPA scientists participated in the Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) Mission in South Korea.  This study, led by NASA and the Korean National Institute of Environmental Research, was carried out to observe air quality across the Korean peninsula and surrounding waters using a combination of satellites, aircraft, ships, and ground-based monitoring sites.  The ultimate goal is to gain a better understanding of the factors that control air quality across urban, rural, and coastal boundaries in East Asia.  The KORUS-AQ Mission is also one of many studies that is contributing to our understanding of the use of satellites to improve air quality monitoring.  Better air quality monitoring can allow for improved protection of public health and the environment.

During KORUS-AQ, EPA had an opportunity to evaluate traditional and emerging methods (including sensors and remote sensing) for measuring air quality in a region with vastly different air pollution levels and mixtures. EPA collected measurements at two ground-based sites and provided monitoring equipment for use on a ship during the concurrent KORUS-OC (Korea-United States Ocean Color) Expedition.
Olympic Park Monitoring siteEntrance to Oly ParkMtTaehwa Site

 

 

 

 

Images, left to right: (left) Olympic Park monitoring site; (center) entrance to Olympic Park – always encouraging to see a thumbs up before beginning the work day! (right) Mt. Taehwa monitoring site.

The knowledge gained during KORUS-AQ will be used to inform ground-based measurements for the upcoming TEMPO (Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution) satellite launch and other satellite studies designed to improve air quality characterization. During KORUS-AQ, EPA scientists gave hands-on science activities and presentations at schools and universities. Local scientists also helped collect air quality measurements using small, handheld air sensor technologies at several locations outside of the monitoring sites.

To learn more about EPA’s role in the KORUS-AQ Mission, check out our fact sheet. The data collected during this study will be made available to the public in 2017.

About the Author: Rachelle Duvall served as the EPA Co-Principal Investigator on the KORUS-AQ Mission. She conducts research on measurement methods for criteria air pollutants.



from The EPA Blog http://ift.tt/2bMyOki

Now you see it, now you don’t! The photos below were taken in Seoul, South Korea during spring 2016. In the photo on the left, you can see the beautiful Lotte Tower – the tallest building in Seoul.  The photo on the right was taken on a day when fine particulate matter (particle sizes less than 2.5 microns) was exceptionally high—the Lotte Tower is invisible.

Lottetower1Untitled

 

 

 

 

 

 

Over the past few decades, the East Asia region has experienced significant increases in air pollutant emissions due to rapid economic growth and increased energy use.  From May to June 2016, EPA scientists participated in the Korea-United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) Mission in South Korea.  This study, led by NASA and the Korean National Institute of Environmental Research, was carried out to observe air quality across the Korean peninsula and surrounding waters using a combination of satellites, aircraft, ships, and ground-based monitoring sites.  The ultimate goal is to gain a better understanding of the factors that control air quality across urban, rural, and coastal boundaries in East Asia.  The KORUS-AQ Mission is also one of many studies that is contributing to our understanding of the use of satellites to improve air quality monitoring.  Better air quality monitoring can allow for improved protection of public health and the environment.

During KORUS-AQ, EPA had an opportunity to evaluate traditional and emerging methods (including sensors and remote sensing) for measuring air quality in a region with vastly different air pollution levels and mixtures. EPA collected measurements at two ground-based sites and provided monitoring equipment for use on a ship during the concurrent KORUS-OC (Korea-United States Ocean Color) Expedition.
Olympic Park Monitoring siteEntrance to Oly ParkMtTaehwa Site

 

 

 

 

Images, left to right: (left) Olympic Park monitoring site; (center) entrance to Olympic Park – always encouraging to see a thumbs up before beginning the work day! (right) Mt. Taehwa monitoring site.

The knowledge gained during KORUS-AQ will be used to inform ground-based measurements for the upcoming TEMPO (Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution) satellite launch and other satellite studies designed to improve air quality characterization. During KORUS-AQ, EPA scientists gave hands-on science activities and presentations at schools and universities. Local scientists also helped collect air quality measurements using small, handheld air sensor technologies at several locations outside of the monitoring sites.

To learn more about EPA’s role in the KORUS-AQ Mission, check out our fact sheet. The data collected during this study will be made available to the public in 2017.

About the Author: Rachelle Duvall served as the EPA Co-Principal Investigator on the KORUS-AQ Mission. She conducts research on measurement methods for criteria air pollutants.



from The EPA Blog http://ift.tt/2bMyOki

Space X explosion at Cape Canaveral

At least one explosion, possibly two, took place about an hour ago at a SpaceX launch site – Launch Complex 40 – at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The first explosion occurred shortly after 9 a.m. ET Thursday (1300 UTC), apparently as SpaceX was performing a test firing of its rocket. It shook buildings several miles away, according to various sources.

Bryan Purtell, a spokesman for the Air Force 45th Space Wing, apparently confirmed to AP that an explosion had occurred and said that emergency crews were responding. He said:

Right now we’re trying to determine the extent of the damage, the exact location, possible cause and checking to make sure no one is injured.

A NASA spokesman said there was an “incident” at Launch Complex 40. That is the site where SpaceX was preparing to launch an unmanned rocket over Labor Day weekend.

SpaceX was founded by tech entrepreneur Elon Musk, who is famous on Twitter for his quick response to various situation. But, at this writing, he had not posted a tweet.

Bottom line: Explosion at Space X launch site, September 1, 2016.



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/2cfHeQV

At least one explosion, possibly two, took place about an hour ago at a SpaceX launch site – Launch Complex 40 – at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The first explosion occurred shortly after 9 a.m. ET Thursday (1300 UTC), apparently as SpaceX was performing a test firing of its rocket. It shook buildings several miles away, according to various sources.

Bryan Purtell, a spokesman for the Air Force 45th Space Wing, apparently confirmed to AP that an explosion had occurred and said that emergency crews were responding. He said:

Right now we’re trying to determine the extent of the damage, the exact location, possible cause and checking to make sure no one is injured.

A NASA spokesman said there was an “incident” at Launch Complex 40. That is the site where SpaceX was preparing to launch an unmanned rocket over Labor Day weekend.

SpaceX was founded by tech entrepreneur Elon Musk, who is famous on Twitter for his quick response to various situation. But, at this writing, he had not posted a tweet.

Bottom line: Explosion at Space X launch site, September 1, 2016.



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/2cfHeQV

New record for farthest galaxy cluster

Astronomers using a large group of space and ground observatories have discovered the most distant galaxy cluster yet. The galaxy cluster – called CL J1001+0220 (CL J1001 for short) – is located about 11.1 billion light-years from Earth.

Galaxy clusters are structures formed by groups of galaxies held together by their mutual gravity. Galaxy clusters can consist of hundreds to thousands of galaxies. They are the largest structures in the universe bound by gravity.

Tao Wang of the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) led the study, which was published in the Astrophysical Journal on August 30, 2016. Wang said in a statement:

This galaxy cluster isn’t just remarkable for its distance, it’s also going through an amazing growth spurt unlike any we’ve ever seen.

The core of CL J1001 contains 11 massive galaxies. Nine of the galaxies are experiencing an impressive “baby boom” of stars, according to a NASA statement.

Specifically, stars are forming in the cluster’s core at a rate that is equivalent to over 3,000 suns forming per year, a remarkably high value for a galaxy cluster, including those that are almost as distant, and therefore as young, as CL J1001.

Astronomers say this galaxy cluster might have been caught right after birth, a brief, but important stage of evolution never seen before. David Elbaz from CEA is a study co-author. He said:

It appears that we have captured this galaxy cluster at a critical stage just as it has shifted from a loose collection of galaxies into a young, but fully formed galaxy cluster.

Before the discovery of CL J1001, only loose collections of galaxies, known as protoclusters, had been seen at greater distances. The researchers say the CL J1001’s discovery pushes back the formation time of galaxy clusters by about 700 million years.

Alexis Finoguenov of the University of Helsinki in Finland is a study co-author. Finoguenov said:

We think we’re going to learn a lot about the formation of clusters and the galaxies they contain by studying this object, and we’re going to be searching hard for other examples.

The result is based on data from a large group of observatories in space and on the ground including Chandra, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope, ESA’s XMM-Newton and Herschel Space Observatory, the NSF’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) , the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique Northern Extended Millimeter Array (IRAM NOEMA), and ESO’s Very Large Telescope.

Enjoying EarthSky? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today!

Bottom line: A new record for the most distant galaxy cluster has been set. Astronomers say the cluster – called CL J1001 – is 11.1 billion light years from Earth and might have been caught right after birth.

Read more from NASA



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/2cfH3VI

Astronomers using a large group of space and ground observatories have discovered the most distant galaxy cluster yet. The galaxy cluster – called CL J1001+0220 (CL J1001 for short) – is located about 11.1 billion light-years from Earth.

Galaxy clusters are structures formed by groups of galaxies held together by their mutual gravity. Galaxy clusters can consist of hundreds to thousands of galaxies. They are the largest structures in the universe bound by gravity.

Tao Wang of the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) led the study, which was published in the Astrophysical Journal on August 30, 2016. Wang said in a statement:

This galaxy cluster isn’t just remarkable for its distance, it’s also going through an amazing growth spurt unlike any we’ve ever seen.

The core of CL J1001 contains 11 massive galaxies. Nine of the galaxies are experiencing an impressive “baby boom” of stars, according to a NASA statement.

Specifically, stars are forming in the cluster’s core at a rate that is equivalent to over 3,000 suns forming per year, a remarkably high value for a galaxy cluster, including those that are almost as distant, and therefore as young, as CL J1001.

Astronomers say this galaxy cluster might have been caught right after birth, a brief, but important stage of evolution never seen before. David Elbaz from CEA is a study co-author. He said:

It appears that we have captured this galaxy cluster at a critical stage just as it has shifted from a loose collection of galaxies into a young, but fully formed galaxy cluster.

Before the discovery of CL J1001, only loose collections of galaxies, known as protoclusters, had been seen at greater distances. The researchers say the CL J1001’s discovery pushes back the formation time of galaxy clusters by about 700 million years.

Alexis Finoguenov of the University of Helsinki in Finland is a study co-author. Finoguenov said:

We think we’re going to learn a lot about the formation of clusters and the galaxies they contain by studying this object, and we’re going to be searching hard for other examples.

The result is based on data from a large group of observatories in space and on the ground including Chandra, NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and Spitzer Space Telescope, ESA’s XMM-Newton and Herschel Space Observatory, the NSF’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) , the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique Northern Extended Millimeter Array (IRAM NOEMA), and ESO’s Very Large Telescope.

Enjoying EarthSky? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today!

Bottom line: A new record for the most distant galaxy cluster has been set. Astronomers say the cluster – called CL J1001 – is 11.1 billion light years from Earth and might have been caught right after birth.

Read more from NASA



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/2cfH3VI

Fifth fundamental force: fact or fiction? (Synopsis) [Starts With A Bang]

“A careful analysis of the process of observation in atomic physics has shown that the subatomic particles have no meaning as isolated entities, but can only be understood as interconnections between the preparation of an experiment and the subsequent measurement.” -Fritjof Capra

For most living humans on the planet, the Standard Model and General Relativity, the theories that govern the four fundamental forces, have encompassed all of the known particles and their interactions for our entire lives. We know they can’t encompass all there is, but the search for the first particle beyond the Standard Model or the first force/interaction beyond the four known, understood ones has been elusive.

The best-fit for a new particle given the experimental results of the Hungarian team is a new particle of mass 17 MeV/c^2. Image credit: A.J. Krasznahorkay et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 042501.

The best-fit for a new particle given the experimental results of the Hungarian team is a new particle of mass 17 MeV/c^2. Image credit: A.J. Krasznahorkay et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 042501.

Ironically, it might not be a high-energy experiment that reveals the next step in understanding the fundamental nature of reality, but a low-energy, high-precision one. Last year, an experiment looking at the decay of an excited state of beryllium-8 noticed an excess of events at a particular electron/positron opening angle, perhaps indicative of a new particle and a new force. If the results hold up, this could change everything.

A schematic of Feng et al.'s hypothetical scenario for the creation of a protophotic X-boson. Image from 1608.03591., created by Flip Tanedo at http://ift.tt/2bRteN5. I recommend reading Flip's entire post for an in-depth look at the possible scenarios, as he's a coauthor on the Feng et al. paper!

A schematic of Feng et al.’s hypothetical scenario for the creation of a protophotic X-boson. Image from 1608.03591., created by Flip Tanedo at http://ift.tt/2bRteN5. I recommend reading Flip’s entire post for an in-depth look at the possible scenarios, as he’s a coauthor on the Feng et al. paper!

But will they? And should we expect them to? That’s, perhaps, the real question, and here’s the answer!



from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/2bL6HQW

“A careful analysis of the process of observation in atomic physics has shown that the subatomic particles have no meaning as isolated entities, but can only be understood as interconnections between the preparation of an experiment and the subsequent measurement.” -Fritjof Capra

For most living humans on the planet, the Standard Model and General Relativity, the theories that govern the four fundamental forces, have encompassed all of the known particles and their interactions for our entire lives. We know they can’t encompass all there is, but the search for the first particle beyond the Standard Model or the first force/interaction beyond the four known, understood ones has been elusive.

The best-fit for a new particle given the experimental results of the Hungarian team is a new particle of mass 17 MeV/c^2. Image credit: A.J. Krasznahorkay et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 042501.

The best-fit for a new particle given the experimental results of the Hungarian team is a new particle of mass 17 MeV/c^2. Image credit: A.J. Krasznahorkay et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 042501.

Ironically, it might not be a high-energy experiment that reveals the next step in understanding the fundamental nature of reality, but a low-energy, high-precision one. Last year, an experiment looking at the decay of an excited state of beryllium-8 noticed an excess of events at a particular electron/positron opening angle, perhaps indicative of a new particle and a new force. If the results hold up, this could change everything.

A schematic of Feng et al.'s hypothetical scenario for the creation of a protophotic X-boson. Image from 1608.03591., created by Flip Tanedo at http://ift.tt/2bRteN5. I recommend reading Flip's entire post for an in-depth look at the possible scenarios, as he's a coauthor on the Feng et al. paper!

A schematic of Feng et al.’s hypothetical scenario for the creation of a protophotic X-boson. Image from 1608.03591., created by Flip Tanedo at http://ift.tt/2bRteN5. I recommend reading Flip’s entire post for an in-depth look at the possible scenarios, as he’s a coauthor on the Feng et al. paper!

But will they? And should we expect them to? That’s, perhaps, the real question, and here’s the answer!



from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/2bL6HQW

Atlantic’s Hermine Is A Big Deal [Greg Laden's Blog]

For a while there it looked like the Atlantic might develop up to four simultaneous named storms, but that has not worked out. One of the storms will never get a name, one of the disturbances now looks like it may never be a storm. Gaston continues to chug away towards the Azores.

But one of these four weather events is now a named storm that will matter.

Tropical Storm Hermine is a global warming enhanced storm that will produce record rainfall events, catastrophic inland flooding, and likely, coastal storm flooding, in many locations in the US east.

Paul Douglans of Aeris Weather notes that this storm reminds him, somewhat of Sandy, because of its bigness and wetness and potential to reach far inland. It will not be as bad as Sandy, but, he notes, “there is a growing potential for disruptive weather all up and down the East Coast from Friday into Sunday; coastal Georgia and the Carolinas right up I-95 into Washington D.C. and New York City may be impacted by 40-60 mph winds, flash flooding and coastal flooding and beach erosion as Hermine churns north.”

Also like Sandy, a blocking pattern in the Atlantic will cause Hermine to stay longer off the coast than otherwise.

Places that normally flood are likely to flood. The storm will come over land at the base of the Florida Peninsula and the Florida Panhandle. It is possible that the storm will be a weak Category One hurricane just before lanfall, but not likely. It will then cross florida and run up the coast, either just on land or just off shore. One model h as the storm curving back from the Atlantic into southern Newe England, another model has it staying on land until New York City, then curving back out over Long Island. That gives you the range of uncertainty for the storm’s activity in several days from now.

But the track for the first several days is pretty well understood. Across the base of florida, then across Georgia, South Carolina, and into or near the Tidewater area, staying near the coast the whole time, more or less straddling the strandline.

It will be windy and wet with a lot of rainfall. The loss of Labor Day business will be bad for tourism regardless of any damage to such facilities that may occur as well.

Is Hermine enhanced by global warming?

Hermine is a weather event. Global warming caused by the human release of greenhouse gasses (and other human effects) is a climate phenomenon. So how can we possibly connect them?

Well, we have moved well past the days when one could pose such a lame brained question. Climate is weather, long term, and weather is climate, here and now. So, if climate is fundamentally changed, then the wether is fundamentally changed. The question is not whether weather that drenches or withers and climate wither are bound! The question is, what ways are a particular untoward weather event and the recent changes in the climate bound?

Here’s how.

Warmer seas and warmer air, causing generally more moisture in the air; and changes in air currents due to Arctic warming and other effects, causing a more uneven distribution of moisture in the air causing big dry areas and big wetter areas, and large wet blobs to form up and then move more slowly than usual across the landscape, make something like this storm (which at the base of it could have happened anyway) be bigger, wetter, slower-moving and thus rainier.

Climate Signals has a nice summary here.



from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/2c7kAew

For a while there it looked like the Atlantic might develop up to four simultaneous named storms, but that has not worked out. One of the storms will never get a name, one of the disturbances now looks like it may never be a storm. Gaston continues to chug away towards the Azores.

But one of these four weather events is now a named storm that will matter.

Tropical Storm Hermine is a global warming enhanced storm that will produce record rainfall events, catastrophic inland flooding, and likely, coastal storm flooding, in many locations in the US east.

Paul Douglans of Aeris Weather notes that this storm reminds him, somewhat of Sandy, because of its bigness and wetness and potential to reach far inland. It will not be as bad as Sandy, but, he notes, “there is a growing potential for disruptive weather all up and down the East Coast from Friday into Sunday; coastal Georgia and the Carolinas right up I-95 into Washington D.C. and New York City may be impacted by 40-60 mph winds, flash flooding and coastal flooding and beach erosion as Hermine churns north.”

Also like Sandy, a blocking pattern in the Atlantic will cause Hermine to stay longer off the coast than otherwise.

Places that normally flood are likely to flood. The storm will come over land at the base of the Florida Peninsula and the Florida Panhandle. It is possible that the storm will be a weak Category One hurricane just before lanfall, but not likely. It will then cross florida and run up the coast, either just on land or just off shore. One model h as the storm curving back from the Atlantic into southern Newe England, another model has it staying on land until New York City, then curving back out over Long Island. That gives you the range of uncertainty for the storm’s activity in several days from now.

But the track for the first several days is pretty well understood. Across the base of florida, then across Georgia, South Carolina, and into or near the Tidewater area, staying near the coast the whole time, more or less straddling the strandline.

It will be windy and wet with a lot of rainfall. The loss of Labor Day business will be bad for tourism regardless of any damage to such facilities that may occur as well.

Is Hermine enhanced by global warming?

Hermine is a weather event. Global warming caused by the human release of greenhouse gasses (and other human effects) is a climate phenomenon. So how can we possibly connect them?

Well, we have moved well past the days when one could pose such a lame brained question. Climate is weather, long term, and weather is climate, here and now. So, if climate is fundamentally changed, then the wether is fundamentally changed. The question is not whether weather that drenches or withers and climate wither are bound! The question is, what ways are a particular untoward weather event and the recent changes in the climate bound?

Here’s how.

Warmer seas and warmer air, causing generally more moisture in the air; and changes in air currents due to Arctic warming and other effects, causing a more uneven distribution of moisture in the air causing big dry areas and big wetter areas, and large wet blobs to form up and then move more slowly than usual across the landscape, make something like this storm (which at the base of it could have happened anyway) be bigger, wetter, slower-moving and thus rainier.

Climate Signals has a nice summary here.



from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/2c7kAew

Pacific Endeavor 2016 Integrates Real-World Lessons, New Capability

By Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan
Defense Media Activity, Forward Center Hawaii

The Pacific Endeavor 2016 exercise is in full swing after it began Aug. 22, and military communicators from 22 Indo-Asia Pacific nations, nongovernment organizations and academic advisers have come together to focus on improving humanitarian assistance and disaster response in the region.

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 set up their high frequency radio antennas at Victoria Barracks during a field training exercise. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 set up their high frequency radio antennas at Victoria Barracks during a field training exercise. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Hosted by the Australian Defence Force and U.S. Pacific Command’s Multinational Communication Interoperability Program, this year’s Pacific Endeavor is the culminating event of a year-long planning effort, which took participants and planners to Papua New Guinea, Hawaii and Mongolia. The exercise wraps-up Sept. 2.

Based on recent real-world events, Pacific Endeavor 2016 features a scenario based on a Category 5 typhoon striking Brisbane, which requires participants to set up a Multinational Coordination Center and forward deploy to two other locations in the affected area. Their mission is to validate and document high-frequency voice and data transfer using ordinary field radios. Commonly referred to as Internet protocol over radio frequency, the practice involves transmitting not only voice, but images and e-mail data over the same IPRF signal.

‘No Simulations Here’

“There are no simulations here,” said Scott Griffin, director of Pacom’s multinational communication interoperability program. “We’re actually focusing more on real-world-type communications and real-world-type of events, by deploying them out there, setting up their antennas, setting up their radios and then transmitting back.”

Forward-deployed teams set up the forward operating bases at Damascus Barracks and Victoria Barracks, which are far enough away from the coordination center at Gallipoli Barracks that radio operators can truly test their equipment.

Sponsored by U.S. Pacific Command and hosted by the Australian Defence Force, Pacific Endeavor 2016 is a multinational workshop designed to enhance communication interoperability and expedite humanitarian assistance and disaster relief response in the Indo-Asia Pacific region. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Sponsored by U.S. Pacific Command and hosted by the Australian Defence Force, Pacific Endeavor 2016 is a multinational workshop designed to enhance communication interoperability and expedite humanitarian assistance and disaster relief response in the Indo-Asia Pacific region. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

“It’s really important to test your high frequency [radios] by having a reasonable amount of distance between the two locations to make sure the systems are properly working,” said Australian Army Lt. Col. Michael King, Australian national lead for the multinational communication interoperability program. “Doing it here on the base allows for that, as well as the other locations around Australia, allow for a more realistic training environment to validate the interoperability between our radio systems.”

Most countries have digital radio frequency capabilities, but not all have satellite, which is the reason this exercise is great for interoperability. The challenges exercise participants encounter provide “hands-on” experience of what they might encounter during a real crisis.

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 transmit voice and data communications over radio frequency at Victoria Barracks during a field training exercise. The workshop involved 250 participants from 22 allied and partner nations. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 transmit voice and data communications over radio frequency at Victoria Barracks during a field training exercise. The workshop involved 250 participants from 22 allied and partner nations. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

“You’ve always got to prepare for those eventualities, you’ve never going to have everything perfect,” said New Zealand Army Cpl. Daniel Stratton, a radio operator.

With today’s technology, sending images or data over RF signal wouldn’t be needed because of the accessibility of the Internet and Wi-Fi. But, when a disaster or humanitarian crisis occurs, that same signal may become a lifeline.

“If you’re at an outside location, and I need you to send me a picture of the damage in a certain location, I can actually see what it looks like,” said U.S. Army Maj. Mitchell Letter, future operations chief with the 311th Signal Command.

Signalman Madallene Cooper of the Australian Army sets up her high frequency radio antenna at Damascus Barracks during a field training exercise at Exercise Pacific Endeavor 2016. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Signalman Madallene Cooper of the Australian Army sets up her high frequency radio antenna at Damascus Barracks during a field training exercise at Exercise Pacific Endeavor 2016. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Disaster Communications

“When a disaster hits, a lot of times everything is wiped out,” said Tom Grant, MCIP technical director. “You might not have any satellite links. Your cell systems might be down, and you might not have access to the Internet. It’s a valuable skill.”

Nongovernment organization representatives like Catherine Graham, vice president for business development with Humanity Road Inc., highlighted how lessons learned from a recent disaster response in Nepal were integrated into this year’s exercise.

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 receive incoming voice transmissions from the field at the exercise’s Multinational Coordination Center. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 receive incoming voice transmissions from the field at the exercise’s Multinational Coordination Center. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

“We can improve how [information sharing] happens in the future,” Graham explained. “The success of them doing their radio tests today will help improve the relaying of urgent needs like medicines and urgent needs for information on the condition of roads, so logistics can be improved.”

Raymond Doherty, U.S. Army Pacific’s data subject matter expert for Pacific Endeavor 2016, said that during the exercise, participants are learning real-world lessons about how they can communicate better, even though they aren’t necessarily using the same equipment or speaking the same language all the time.

Vice Adm. David Johnston, Chief of Joint Operations, Australian Navy, addresses participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016. The workshop involved 250 participants from 22 allied and partner nations. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Vice Adm. David Johnston, Chief of Joint Operations, Australian Navy, addresses participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016. The workshop involved 250 participants from 22 allied and partner nations. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

“These are the things that are going to impact future missions,” Doherty said, “because we don’t know where the next disaster is going to be, and we don’t know who’s going to be there first. So these guys can do it together – that’s perfect – that’s what we’re looking for.”

Previously, “we’ve always understood disaster response was water, food and shelter, but nowadays with the usage of the Internet and social media, communications is an everyday life function,” Griffin said. “Before someone is asking for food, shelter, or water, someone is asking, is my loved-one safe?”

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Disclaimer: The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Defense of this website or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities such as military exchanges and Morale, Welfare and Recreation sites, the Department of Defense does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. Such links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this DOD website.



from Armed with Science http://ift.tt/2c7hYgD

By Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan
Defense Media Activity, Forward Center Hawaii

The Pacific Endeavor 2016 exercise is in full swing after it began Aug. 22, and military communicators from 22 Indo-Asia Pacific nations, nongovernment organizations and academic advisers have come together to focus on improving humanitarian assistance and disaster response in the region.

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 set up their high frequency radio antennas at Victoria Barracks during a field training exercise. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 set up their high frequency radio antennas at Victoria Barracks during a field training exercise. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Hosted by the Australian Defence Force and U.S. Pacific Command’s Multinational Communication Interoperability Program, this year’s Pacific Endeavor is the culminating event of a year-long planning effort, which took participants and planners to Papua New Guinea, Hawaii and Mongolia. The exercise wraps-up Sept. 2.

Based on recent real-world events, Pacific Endeavor 2016 features a scenario based on a Category 5 typhoon striking Brisbane, which requires participants to set up a Multinational Coordination Center and forward deploy to two other locations in the affected area. Their mission is to validate and document high-frequency voice and data transfer using ordinary field radios. Commonly referred to as Internet protocol over radio frequency, the practice involves transmitting not only voice, but images and e-mail data over the same IPRF signal.

‘No Simulations Here’

“There are no simulations here,” said Scott Griffin, director of Pacom’s multinational communication interoperability program. “We’re actually focusing more on real-world-type communications and real-world-type of events, by deploying them out there, setting up their antennas, setting up their radios and then transmitting back.”

Forward-deployed teams set up the forward operating bases at Damascus Barracks and Victoria Barracks, which are far enough away from the coordination center at Gallipoli Barracks that radio operators can truly test their equipment.

Sponsored by U.S. Pacific Command and hosted by the Australian Defence Force, Pacific Endeavor 2016 is a multinational workshop designed to enhance communication interoperability and expedite humanitarian assistance and disaster relief response in the Indo-Asia Pacific region. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Sponsored by U.S. Pacific Command and hosted by the Australian Defence Force, Pacific Endeavor 2016 is a multinational workshop designed to enhance communication interoperability and expedite humanitarian assistance and disaster relief response in the Indo-Asia Pacific region. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

“It’s really important to test your high frequency [radios] by having a reasonable amount of distance between the two locations to make sure the systems are properly working,” said Australian Army Lt. Col. Michael King, Australian national lead for the multinational communication interoperability program. “Doing it here on the base allows for that, as well as the other locations around Australia, allow for a more realistic training environment to validate the interoperability between our radio systems.”

Most countries have digital radio frequency capabilities, but not all have satellite, which is the reason this exercise is great for interoperability. The challenges exercise participants encounter provide “hands-on” experience of what they might encounter during a real crisis.

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 transmit voice and data communications over radio frequency at Victoria Barracks during a field training exercise. The workshop involved 250 participants from 22 allied and partner nations. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 transmit voice and data communications over radio frequency at Victoria Barracks during a field training exercise. The workshop involved 250 participants from 22 allied and partner nations. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

“You’ve always got to prepare for those eventualities, you’ve never going to have everything perfect,” said New Zealand Army Cpl. Daniel Stratton, a radio operator.

With today’s technology, sending images or data over RF signal wouldn’t be needed because of the accessibility of the Internet and Wi-Fi. But, when a disaster or humanitarian crisis occurs, that same signal may become a lifeline.

“If you’re at an outside location, and I need you to send me a picture of the damage in a certain location, I can actually see what it looks like,” said U.S. Army Maj. Mitchell Letter, future operations chief with the 311th Signal Command.

Signalman Madallene Cooper of the Australian Army sets up her high frequency radio antenna at Damascus Barracks during a field training exercise at Exercise Pacific Endeavor 2016. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Signalman Madallene Cooper of the Australian Army sets up her high frequency radio antenna at Damascus Barracks during a field training exercise at Exercise Pacific Endeavor 2016. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Disaster Communications

“When a disaster hits, a lot of times everything is wiped out,” said Tom Grant, MCIP technical director. “You might not have any satellite links. Your cell systems might be down, and you might not have access to the Internet. It’s a valuable skill.”

Nongovernment organization representatives like Catherine Graham, vice president for business development with Humanity Road Inc., highlighted how lessons learned from a recent disaster response in Nepal were integrated into this year’s exercise.

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 receive incoming voice transmissions from the field at the exercise’s Multinational Coordination Center. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016 receive incoming voice transmissions from the field at the exercise’s Multinational Coordination Center. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

“We can improve how [information sharing] happens in the future,” Graham explained. “The success of them doing their radio tests today will help improve the relaying of urgent needs like medicines and urgent needs for information on the condition of roads, so logistics can be improved.”

Raymond Doherty, U.S. Army Pacific’s data subject matter expert for Pacific Endeavor 2016, said that during the exercise, participants are learning real-world lessons about how they can communicate better, even though they aren’t necessarily using the same equipment or speaking the same language all the time.

Vice Adm. David Johnston, Chief of Joint Operations, Australian Navy, addresses participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016. The workshop involved 250 participants from 22 allied and partner nations. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

Vice Adm. David Johnston, Chief of Joint Operations, Australian Navy, addresses participants of Pacific Endeavor 2016. The workshop involved 250 participants from 22 allied and partner nations. DoD photo by Air Force Master Sgt. Todd Kabalan

“These are the things that are going to impact future missions,” Doherty said, “because we don’t know where the next disaster is going to be, and we don’t know who’s going to be there first. So these guys can do it together – that’s perfect – that’s what we’re looking for.”

Previously, “we’ve always understood disaster response was water, food and shelter, but nowadays with the usage of the Internet and social media, communications is an everyday life function,” Griffin said. “Before someone is asking for food, shelter, or water, someone is asking, is my loved-one safe?”

Follow the Department of Defense on Facebook and Twitter!

———-

Disclaimer: The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Defense of this website or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities such as military exchanges and Morale, Welfare and Recreation sites, the Department of Defense does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. Such links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this DOD website.



from Armed with Science http://ift.tt/2c7hYgD