2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #52

A chronological listing of news articles posted on the Skeptical Science Facebook Page during the past week, i.e., Sun, Dec 23 through Sat, Dec 30

Editor's Pick

Green New Deal: what is the progressive plan, and is it technically possible?

The idea, central to Ocasio-Cortez’s campaign, aims to eliminate greenhouse gas pollution – but lacks key political support

Sunrise Movement Sit-In, Pelosi's Office, Dec 10 2018

Members of the Sunrise Movement advocate for the Green New Deal in Nancy Pelosi’s office on 10 December. Photograph: Michael Brochstein/Zuma Wire/Rex/Shutterstock

Most US voters would support a “Green New Deal”, for the country to transform its infrastructure with a rapid shift to clean energy. But while the idea is gaining attention on Capitol Hill, it lacks key political support.

According to a survey from the Yale Climate Change Communicationprogram, 81% of voters backed its description of a Green New Deal.

Similar plans vary in detail, but all are inspired by the New Deal that Franklin Delano Roosevelt launched to battle the effects of the Great Depression. The idea was central to the high-profile campaign of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, the young Democratic socialist from New York who won a US House seat in November. Ocasio-Cortez and the youth-led Sunrise Movement are encouraging Democrats, who will retake the House majority in January, to produce a blueprint.

Their Green New Deal would center around creating new jobs and lessening inequality. Aiming to virtually eliminate US greenhouse gas pollution in a decade, it would be radical compared with other climate proposals. It would require massive government spending.

Dozens of Democrats have signaled support, including potential 2020 presidential candidates Bernie Sanders and Cory Booker. This month, New York’s Governor Andrew Cuomo said his state would launch its own Green New Deal, seeking carbon-neutral electricity by 2040.

But Nancy Pelosi, Democrats’ nominee to run the House, has not agreed to direct a select committee on climate change to focus on the strategy. 

Green New Deal: what is the progressive plan, and is it technically possible? by Emily Holden, Environment, Guardian, Dec 29, 2018


Links posted on Facebook

Sun Dec 23, 2018

Mon Dec 24, 2018

Tue Dec 25, 2018

Wed Dec 26, 2018

Thu Dec 27, 2018

Fri Dec 28, 2018

Sat Dec 29, 2018



from Skeptical Science http://bit.ly/2AjTHAw
A chronological listing of news articles posted on the Skeptical Science Facebook Page during the past week, i.e., Sun, Dec 23 through Sat, Dec 30

Editor's Pick

Green New Deal: what is the progressive plan, and is it technically possible?

The idea, central to Ocasio-Cortez’s campaign, aims to eliminate greenhouse gas pollution – but lacks key political support

Sunrise Movement Sit-In, Pelosi's Office, Dec 10 2018

Members of the Sunrise Movement advocate for the Green New Deal in Nancy Pelosi’s office on 10 December. Photograph: Michael Brochstein/Zuma Wire/Rex/Shutterstock

Most US voters would support a “Green New Deal”, for the country to transform its infrastructure with a rapid shift to clean energy. But while the idea is gaining attention on Capitol Hill, it lacks key political support.

According to a survey from the Yale Climate Change Communicationprogram, 81% of voters backed its description of a Green New Deal.

Similar plans vary in detail, but all are inspired by the New Deal that Franklin Delano Roosevelt launched to battle the effects of the Great Depression. The idea was central to the high-profile campaign of Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, the young Democratic socialist from New York who won a US House seat in November. Ocasio-Cortez and the youth-led Sunrise Movement are encouraging Democrats, who will retake the House majority in January, to produce a blueprint.

Their Green New Deal would center around creating new jobs and lessening inequality. Aiming to virtually eliminate US greenhouse gas pollution in a decade, it would be radical compared with other climate proposals. It would require massive government spending.

Dozens of Democrats have signaled support, including potential 2020 presidential candidates Bernie Sanders and Cory Booker. This month, New York’s Governor Andrew Cuomo said his state would launch its own Green New Deal, seeking carbon-neutral electricity by 2040.

But Nancy Pelosi, Democrats’ nominee to run the House, has not agreed to direct a select committee on climate change to focus on the strategy. 

Green New Deal: what is the progressive plan, and is it technically possible? by Emily Holden, Environment, Guardian, Dec 29, 2018


Links posted on Facebook

Sun Dec 23, 2018

Mon Dec 24, 2018

Tue Dec 25, 2018

Wed Dec 26, 2018

Thu Dec 27, 2018

Fri Dec 28, 2018

Sat Dec 29, 2018



from Skeptical Science http://bit.ly/2AjTHAw

New research, December 17-23, 2018

A selection of new climate related research articles is shown below.

Couple of hiatus papers (including Skeptical Science authors)

A fluctuation in surface temperature in historical context: reassessment and retrospective on the evidence (open access)

The 'pause' in global warming in historical context: (II). Comparing models to observations (open access)

Climate change mitigation

Climate change communication

Framing Climate Uncertainty: Frame Choices Reveal and Influence Climate Change Beliefs

It is Always Dry Here: Examining Perceptions about Drought and Climate Change in the Southern High Plains

Relationship‐building between climate scientists and publics as an alternative to information transfer (open access)

Climate Policy

What future for the voluntary carbon offset market after Paris? An explorative study based on the Discursive Agency Approach

Quantifying the potential for consumer-oriented policy to reduce European and foreign carbon emissions (open access)

Norms and flexibility: Comparing two mitigation policies implemented in Shanghai

Review and assessment of energy policy developments in Chile

Interactions between federal and state policies for reducing vehicle emissions

Energy production

The Story of an Emerging Energy Issue: National Television News Coverage of Fracking in the United States

The China wind paradox: The role of state-owned enterprises in wind power investment versus wind curtailment

The green flings: Norwegian oil and gas industry’s engagement in offshore wind power

Historical trends in global energy policy and renewable power system issues in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of solar PV

A comprehensive evaluation of the development and utilization of China's regional renewable energy

Linking soy oil demand from the US Renewable Fuel Standard to palm oil expansion through an analysis on vegetable oil price elasticities

How to reach the EU renewables target by 2030? An analysis of the governance framework

Multi-objective planning of energy storage technologies for a fully renewable system: Implications for the main stakeholders in Chile

Decarbonising domestic heating: What is the peak GB demand? (open access)

Watered down? Civil society organizations and hydropower development in the Darjeeling and Sikkim regions, Eastern Himalaya: A comparative study

The role of biomass in China's long-term mitigation toward the Paris climate goals (open access)

Impact of off-farm income on household energy expenditures in China: Implications for rural energy transition

Exploring public perceptions of benefits and risks, trust, and acceptance of nuclear energy in Thailand and Vietnam: A qualitative approach

Regulating Japan's nuclear power industry to achieve zero-accidents

Response of electricity sector air pollution emissions to drought conditions in the western United States (open access)

Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland (open access)

Emission savings

Health and economic benefits of cleaner residential heating in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China

Synergy potential between climate change mitigation and forest conservation policies in the Indonesian forest sector: implications for achieving multiple sustainable development objectives

Informing energy consumption uncertainty: an analysis of energy data revisions (open access)

Reducing nitrogen footprints of consumer-level food loss and protein overconsumption in Japan, considering gender and age differences (open access)

Data center growth in the United States: decoupling the demand for services from electricity use (open access)

Linking wastes and climate change: Bandwagoning, contention, and global governance

The challenges of using satellite data sets to assess historical land use change and associated greenhouse gas emissions: a case study of three Indonesian provinces

The long-term relationship between emissions and economic growth for SO2, CO2, and BC (open access)

Climate change mitigation strategies for agriculture: an analysis of nationally determined contributions, biennial reports and biennial update reports

Geoengineering

Reducing sea level rise with submerged barriers and dams in Greenland (open access)

Carbon leakage from geological storage sites: Implications for carbon trading

Climate change

Temperature, precipitation, wind

The realized warming fraction: a multi-model sensitivity study (open access)

Long‐Term Changes in Wintertime Temperature Extremes in Moscow and their Relation to Regional Atmospheric Dynamics

Extreme events

Changes in the severity of compound drought and hot extremes over global land areas (open access)

Adapting attribution science to the climate extremes of tomorrow (open access)

A climatology of thunderstorms across Europe from a synthesis of multiple data sources

The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors (open access)

Forcings and feedbacks

Exploring How Eruption Source Parameters Affect Volcanic Radiative Forcing Using Statistical Emulation

Spatial distribution of melt‐season cloud radiative effects over Greenland: Evaluating satellite observations, reanalyses, and model simulations against in situ measurements

Global Observed and Modeled Impacts of Irrigation on Surface Temperature

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide variability at Aigüestortes, Central Pyrenees, Spain

Cryosphere

Natural variability has slowed the decline in western‐US snowpack since the 1980s

Snow depth reconstruction over last century: Trend and distribution in the Tianshan Mountains, China

West Antarctic Surface Melt Event of January 2016 Facilitated by Foehn Warming

Velocity response of Petermann Glacier, northwest Greenland, to past and future calving events (open access)

Freshwater Export in the East Greenland Current Freshens the North Atlantic

Global sea-level contribution from Arctic land ice: 1971–2017 (open access)

Hydrosphere 

Watershed-scale retrospective drought analysis and seasonal forecasting using multi-layer, high-resolution simulated soil moisture for Southeastern U.S (open access)

Investigating impacts of drought and disturbance on evapotranspiration over a forested landscape in North Carolina, USA using high spatiotemporal resolution remotely sensed data (open access)

Atmospheric and oceanic circulation

Anthropogenically forced decadal change of South Asian summer monsoon across the mid‐1990s

Global meridional overturning circulation inferred from a data‐constrained ocean & sea‐ice model

On the Drivers of Decadal Variability of the Gulf Stream North Wall

Estimating the Deep Overturning Transport Variability at 26° N Using Bottom Pressure Recorders

A Radar-based Climatology of Mesoscale Convective Systems in the United States

Increased Frequency of Extreme Tropical Deep Convection: AIRS Observations and Climate Model Predictions

The asymmetry of vertical velocity in current and future climate

On the role of the Eastern Pacific teleconnection in ENSO impacts on wintertime weather over East Asia and North America

Stability of the arctic halocline: a new indicator of arctic climate change (open access)

Carbon and nitrogen cycles

Soil organic carbon stability in forests: distinct effects of tree species identity and traits

Detecting changes in Arctic methane emissions: limitations of the inter-polar difference of atmospheric mole fractions (open access)

Attribution of recent increases in atmospheric methane through 3-D inverse modelling (open access)

Using Stable Carbon Isotopes of Seasonal Ecosystem Respiration to Determine Permafrost Carbon Loss

Climate change impacts 

Mankind

Predicting Yellow Fever Through Species Distribution Modeling of Virus, Vector, and Monkeys

The effect characteristics of temperature on stroke mortality in Inner Mongolia and globally

What are the impacts of tropical cyclones on employment? –An Analysis Based on Meta-regression

Maladaptation in Nordic Agriculture (open access)

Direct and indirect effects of CO2 increase on crop yield in West Africa

Adapting to changing climate through improving adaptive capacity at the local level – The case of smallholder horticultural producers in Ghana (open access)

Cities in Asia: how are they adapting to climate change?

Climate change adaptation: a systematic review on domains and indicators

Mapping summer tourism climate resources in China

Adapting and coping with climate change in temperate forests

Assessing sowing window and water availability of rainfed crops in eastern Indian state of Bihar for climate smart agricultural production

Biosphere

Role of host genetics and heat tolerant algal symbionts in sustaining populations of the endangered coral Orbicella faveolata in the Florida Keys with ocean warming

Bottom-up effects on biomechanical properties of the skeletal plates of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) in an acidified ocean scenario

Body size, reef area and temperature predict global reef‐fish species richness across spatial scales

Warmer and browner waters decrease fish biomass production

Elevated CO2 impairs olfactory‐mediated neural and behavioral responses and gene expression in ocean‐phase coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (open access)

Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation

Drying drives decline in muskrat population in the Peace-Athabasca Delta, Canada (open access)

Thermal constraints on body size depend on the population's position within the species’ thermal range in temperate songbirds

Climate change resilience of a globally important sea turtle nesting population (open access)

Climate readiness of recovery plans for threatened Australian species

Other impacts

Origin and location of new Arctic islands and straits due to glacial recession (open access)

Other papers

Palaeoclimatology

Asymmetric dynamical ocean responses in warming icehouse and cooling greenhouse climates (open access)

What climate signal is contained in decadal- to centennial-scale isotope variations from Antarctic ice cores? (open access)

Reconstruction of dust storm frequency in China using the SST signals recorded in coral reefs

Other environmental issues 

Diminishing clear winter skies in Beijing towards a possible future (open access)



from Skeptical Science http://bit.ly/2TiFDOL

A selection of new climate related research articles is shown below.

Couple of hiatus papers (including Skeptical Science authors)

A fluctuation in surface temperature in historical context: reassessment and retrospective on the evidence (open access)

The 'pause' in global warming in historical context: (II). Comparing models to observations (open access)

Climate change mitigation

Climate change communication

Framing Climate Uncertainty: Frame Choices Reveal and Influence Climate Change Beliefs

It is Always Dry Here: Examining Perceptions about Drought and Climate Change in the Southern High Plains

Relationship‐building between climate scientists and publics as an alternative to information transfer (open access)

Climate Policy

What future for the voluntary carbon offset market after Paris? An explorative study based on the Discursive Agency Approach

Quantifying the potential for consumer-oriented policy to reduce European and foreign carbon emissions (open access)

Norms and flexibility: Comparing two mitigation policies implemented in Shanghai

Review and assessment of energy policy developments in Chile

Interactions between federal and state policies for reducing vehicle emissions

Energy production

The Story of an Emerging Energy Issue: National Television News Coverage of Fracking in the United States

The China wind paradox: The role of state-owned enterprises in wind power investment versus wind curtailment

The green flings: Norwegian oil and gas industry’s engagement in offshore wind power

Historical trends in global energy policy and renewable power system issues in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of solar PV

A comprehensive evaluation of the development and utilization of China's regional renewable energy

Linking soy oil demand from the US Renewable Fuel Standard to palm oil expansion through an analysis on vegetable oil price elasticities

How to reach the EU renewables target by 2030? An analysis of the governance framework

Multi-objective planning of energy storage technologies for a fully renewable system: Implications for the main stakeholders in Chile

Decarbonising domestic heating: What is the peak GB demand? (open access)

Watered down? Civil society organizations and hydropower development in the Darjeeling and Sikkim regions, Eastern Himalaya: A comparative study

The role of biomass in China's long-term mitigation toward the Paris climate goals (open access)

Impact of off-farm income on household energy expenditures in China: Implications for rural energy transition

Exploring public perceptions of benefits and risks, trust, and acceptance of nuclear energy in Thailand and Vietnam: A qualitative approach

Regulating Japan's nuclear power industry to achieve zero-accidents

Response of electricity sector air pollution emissions to drought conditions in the western United States (open access)

Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland (open access)

Emission savings

Health and economic benefits of cleaner residential heating in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in China

Synergy potential between climate change mitigation and forest conservation policies in the Indonesian forest sector: implications for achieving multiple sustainable development objectives

Informing energy consumption uncertainty: an analysis of energy data revisions (open access)

Reducing nitrogen footprints of consumer-level food loss and protein overconsumption in Japan, considering gender and age differences (open access)

Data center growth in the United States: decoupling the demand for services from electricity use (open access)

Linking wastes and climate change: Bandwagoning, contention, and global governance

The challenges of using satellite data sets to assess historical land use change and associated greenhouse gas emissions: a case study of three Indonesian provinces

The long-term relationship between emissions and economic growth for SO2, CO2, and BC (open access)

Climate change mitigation strategies for agriculture: an analysis of nationally determined contributions, biennial reports and biennial update reports

Geoengineering

Reducing sea level rise with submerged barriers and dams in Greenland (open access)

Carbon leakage from geological storage sites: Implications for carbon trading

Climate change

Temperature, precipitation, wind

The realized warming fraction: a multi-model sensitivity study (open access)

Long‐Term Changes in Wintertime Temperature Extremes in Moscow and their Relation to Regional Atmospheric Dynamics

Extreme events

Changes in the severity of compound drought and hot extremes over global land areas (open access)

Adapting attribution science to the climate extremes of tomorrow (open access)

A climatology of thunderstorms across Europe from a synthesis of multiple data sources

The 'Day Zero' Cape Town drought and the poleward migration of moisture corridors (open access)

Forcings and feedbacks

Exploring How Eruption Source Parameters Affect Volcanic Radiative Forcing Using Statistical Emulation

Spatial distribution of melt‐season cloud radiative effects over Greenland: Evaluating satellite observations, reanalyses, and model simulations against in situ measurements

Global Observed and Modeled Impacts of Irrigation on Surface Temperature

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide variability at Aigüestortes, Central Pyrenees, Spain

Cryosphere

Natural variability has slowed the decline in western‐US snowpack since the 1980s

Snow depth reconstruction over last century: Trend and distribution in the Tianshan Mountains, China

West Antarctic Surface Melt Event of January 2016 Facilitated by Foehn Warming

Velocity response of Petermann Glacier, northwest Greenland, to past and future calving events (open access)

Freshwater Export in the East Greenland Current Freshens the North Atlantic

Global sea-level contribution from Arctic land ice: 1971–2017 (open access)

Hydrosphere 

Watershed-scale retrospective drought analysis and seasonal forecasting using multi-layer, high-resolution simulated soil moisture for Southeastern U.S (open access)

Investigating impacts of drought and disturbance on evapotranspiration over a forested landscape in North Carolina, USA using high spatiotemporal resolution remotely sensed data (open access)

Atmospheric and oceanic circulation

Anthropogenically forced decadal change of South Asian summer monsoon across the mid‐1990s

Global meridional overturning circulation inferred from a data‐constrained ocean & sea‐ice model

On the Drivers of Decadal Variability of the Gulf Stream North Wall

Estimating the Deep Overturning Transport Variability at 26° N Using Bottom Pressure Recorders

A Radar-based Climatology of Mesoscale Convective Systems in the United States

Increased Frequency of Extreme Tropical Deep Convection: AIRS Observations and Climate Model Predictions

The asymmetry of vertical velocity in current and future climate

On the role of the Eastern Pacific teleconnection in ENSO impacts on wintertime weather over East Asia and North America

Stability of the arctic halocline: a new indicator of arctic climate change (open access)

Carbon and nitrogen cycles

Soil organic carbon stability in forests: distinct effects of tree species identity and traits

Detecting changes in Arctic methane emissions: limitations of the inter-polar difference of atmospheric mole fractions (open access)

Attribution of recent increases in atmospheric methane through 3-D inverse modelling (open access)

Using Stable Carbon Isotopes of Seasonal Ecosystem Respiration to Determine Permafrost Carbon Loss

Climate change impacts 

Mankind

Predicting Yellow Fever Through Species Distribution Modeling of Virus, Vector, and Monkeys

The effect characteristics of temperature on stroke mortality in Inner Mongolia and globally

What are the impacts of tropical cyclones on employment? –An Analysis Based on Meta-regression

Maladaptation in Nordic Agriculture (open access)

Direct and indirect effects of CO2 increase on crop yield in West Africa

Adapting to changing climate through improving adaptive capacity at the local level – The case of smallholder horticultural producers in Ghana (open access)

Cities in Asia: how are they adapting to climate change?

Climate change adaptation: a systematic review on domains and indicators

Mapping summer tourism climate resources in China

Adapting and coping with climate change in temperate forests

Assessing sowing window and water availability of rainfed crops in eastern Indian state of Bihar for climate smart agricultural production

Biosphere

Role of host genetics and heat tolerant algal symbionts in sustaining populations of the endangered coral Orbicella faveolata in the Florida Keys with ocean warming

Bottom-up effects on biomechanical properties of the skeletal plates of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) in an acidified ocean scenario

Body size, reef area and temperature predict global reef‐fish species richness across spatial scales

Warmer and browner waters decrease fish biomass production

Elevated CO2 impairs olfactory‐mediated neural and behavioral responses and gene expression in ocean‐phase coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) (open access)

Divergent responses of Atlantic cod to ocean acidification and food limitation

Drying drives decline in muskrat population in the Peace-Athabasca Delta, Canada (open access)

Thermal constraints on body size depend on the population's position within the species’ thermal range in temperate songbirds

Climate change resilience of a globally important sea turtle nesting population (open access)

Climate readiness of recovery plans for threatened Australian species

Other impacts

Origin and location of new Arctic islands and straits due to glacial recession (open access)

Other papers

Palaeoclimatology

Asymmetric dynamical ocean responses in warming icehouse and cooling greenhouse climates (open access)

What climate signal is contained in decadal- to centennial-scale isotope variations from Antarctic ice cores? (open access)

Reconstruction of dust storm frequency in China using the SST signals recorded in coral reefs

Other environmental issues 

Diminishing clear winter skies in Beijing towards a possible future (open access)



from Skeptical Science http://bit.ly/2TiFDOL

Animal world is awesome: 3 essential reads

Some tropical frogs may be developing resistance to a fungus that has devastated species like Atelopus varius, the variable harlequin frog. Image via Brian Gratwicke/Wikimedia.

EarthSky 2019 lunar calendars are cool! Order now. Going fast!

By Jennifer Weeks, The Conversation

As the effects of climate change become more apparent and widespread, it’s easy to feel that our species is the biggest threat to life on Earth. Indeed, one recent study warned that extreme environmental change could cause an extinction domino effect, in which one species dies out, then another species that depends on it, and so on.

When headlines like this seem overwhelming, I remind myself that scholars are still learning about all kinds of amazing life forms. Here are three 2018 stories that remind us how awesome the animal world is.

Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) at the Houston Zoo. Image via Josh Henderson.

1. Madagascar’s ultra-elusive fossa

If Americans have even heard of fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), a catlike carnivore found only on Madagascar, it’s usually from the animated Madagascar movies. Fossa are the island’s real-life apex predator, but are so rare and hard to track that scientists know very little about them – even how many there are.

Penn State University doctoral candidate Asia Murphy was part of a seven-year project that documented fossa numbers with camera traps. By focusing on features like scars, ear nicks, and tail width and kinkiness, scientists could pick out certain fossa from the population and “follow” them from one camera to another. Their survey data and population density estimates will support habitat protection efforts.

Murphy wrote:

In all of this time, I never personally saw a fossa, but two local field assistants saw fossa in the trees once or twice.

She’d like to see these animals get more attention from the conservation world, and suggests that it’s time for #FossaFriday.

2. Forests at the bottom of the sea

Scientists go to many extremes to find life forms. In August, a research expedition off the coast of South Carolina found a huge series of coldwater coral “forests,” covering about 85 miles, in water more than three miles deep.

Deep sea corals off Florida. Image via NOAA.

Florida State University research scientist Sandra Brooke said that coldwater corals

… are just as ecologically important as their shallow water counterparts.

Brooke was on the cruise and went down in the Alvin submersible to see coral formations on the ocean floor.

Scientists from the August 2018 Deep Search expedition discuss the significance of finding a huge, previously undetected deepwater coral reef off the U.S. East Coast.

Unlike shallow-water corals, which get much of their energy from sunlight, deepwater corals feed on organic material and zooplankton that drift to them on ocean currents. They grow extremely slowly: One black coral is estimated to be more than 4,200 years old. Industrial fishing, offshore drilling and seabed mining could damage deepsea reefs before they’re even mapped – all the more reason, Brooke asserts, to get out and find them now.

3. Fending off frog plague?

In recent years a chytrid pathogen abbreviated as Bd has caused mass dieoffs of frog populations around the world. But in a study published in March 2018, Vanderbilt University biologist Louise Rollins-Smith and others reported that some tropical frogs in Panama appeared to be developing improved skin defenses against Bd – big news for amphibian researchers.

Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki) are listed as critically endangered, and may be extinct in the wild. Image via Jeff Kubina.

Rollins-Smith explained:

Many amphibians have granular glands in their skin that synthesize and sequester antimicrobial peptides and other defensive molecules. When the animal is alarmed or injured, the defensive molecules are released to cleanse and protect the skin.

Scientists don’t know how, but these defenses seemed to improve after Bd entered some frog communities.

Alarmingly, a second chytrid fungus, abbreviated as Bsal, has emerged in Europe and is thought to seriously threaten salamanders. Scholars are urging the U.S. government to suspend all imports of frogs and salamanders until this new threat is better understood. Yet more reason to keep learning about wild species, seen and unseen, all around us.

Bottom line: Three stories from 2018 that remind us how awesome the animal world is.

Jennifer Weeks, Environment + Energy Editor, The Conversation

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The Conversation



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2Tdn9yU

Some tropical frogs may be developing resistance to a fungus that has devastated species like Atelopus varius, the variable harlequin frog. Image via Brian Gratwicke/Wikimedia.

EarthSky 2019 lunar calendars are cool! Order now. Going fast!

By Jennifer Weeks, The Conversation

As the effects of climate change become more apparent and widespread, it’s easy to feel that our species is the biggest threat to life on Earth. Indeed, one recent study warned that extreme environmental change could cause an extinction domino effect, in which one species dies out, then another species that depends on it, and so on.

When headlines like this seem overwhelming, I remind myself that scholars are still learning about all kinds of amazing life forms. Here are three 2018 stories that remind us how awesome the animal world is.

Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) at the Houston Zoo. Image via Josh Henderson.

1. Madagascar’s ultra-elusive fossa

If Americans have even heard of fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox), a catlike carnivore found only on Madagascar, it’s usually from the animated Madagascar movies. Fossa are the island’s real-life apex predator, but are so rare and hard to track that scientists know very little about them – even how many there are.

Penn State University doctoral candidate Asia Murphy was part of a seven-year project that documented fossa numbers with camera traps. By focusing on features like scars, ear nicks, and tail width and kinkiness, scientists could pick out certain fossa from the population and “follow” them from one camera to another. Their survey data and population density estimates will support habitat protection efforts.

Murphy wrote:

In all of this time, I never personally saw a fossa, but two local field assistants saw fossa in the trees once or twice.

She’d like to see these animals get more attention from the conservation world, and suggests that it’s time for #FossaFriday.

2. Forests at the bottom of the sea

Scientists go to many extremes to find life forms. In August, a research expedition off the coast of South Carolina found a huge series of coldwater coral “forests,” covering about 85 miles, in water more than three miles deep.

Deep sea corals off Florida. Image via NOAA.

Florida State University research scientist Sandra Brooke said that coldwater corals

… are just as ecologically important as their shallow water counterparts.

Brooke was on the cruise and went down in the Alvin submersible to see coral formations on the ocean floor.

Scientists from the August 2018 Deep Search expedition discuss the significance of finding a huge, previously undetected deepwater coral reef off the U.S. East Coast.

Unlike shallow-water corals, which get much of their energy from sunlight, deepwater corals feed on organic material and zooplankton that drift to them on ocean currents. They grow extremely slowly: One black coral is estimated to be more than 4,200 years old. Industrial fishing, offshore drilling and seabed mining could damage deepsea reefs before they’re even mapped – all the more reason, Brooke asserts, to get out and find them now.

3. Fending off frog plague?

In recent years a chytrid pathogen abbreviated as Bd has caused mass dieoffs of frog populations around the world. But in a study published in March 2018, Vanderbilt University biologist Louise Rollins-Smith and others reported that some tropical frogs in Panama appeared to be developing improved skin defenses against Bd – big news for amphibian researchers.

Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki) are listed as critically endangered, and may be extinct in the wild. Image via Jeff Kubina.

Rollins-Smith explained:

Many amphibians have granular glands in their skin that synthesize and sequester antimicrobial peptides and other defensive molecules. When the animal is alarmed or injured, the defensive molecules are released to cleanse and protect the skin.

Scientists don’t know how, but these defenses seemed to improve after Bd entered some frog communities.

Alarmingly, a second chytrid fungus, abbreviated as Bsal, has emerged in Europe and is thought to seriously threaten salamanders. Scholars are urging the U.S. government to suspend all imports of frogs and salamanders until this new threat is better understood. Yet more reason to keep learning about wild species, seen and unseen, all around us.

Bottom line: Three stories from 2018 that remind us how awesome the animal world is.

Jennifer Weeks, Environment + Energy Editor, The Conversation

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

The Conversation



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2Tdn9yU

Top 5 most popular posts 2018

Scientists expect 1st direct black hole image soon: This was one of the most popular posts at EarthSky all year, and no wonder. It’s exciting! In March, scientists said they expect to obtain the 1st-ever direct image of a black hole’s event horizon, soon. Read more.

Situation at Kilauea Volcano ‘steadily worsening’: Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano erupted for weeks in mid-2018, creating fissure in the land, tossing out large boulders and releasing of toxic gases in a plume called a laze when molten lava met the sea. Images and videos here. Read more.

Fragments of asteroid 2018 LA found in Botswana: Astronomers detected a small asteroid just 8 hours before it struck Earth’s atmosphere over southern Africa on June 2, producing a terrific explosion. A few days later, researchers reported finding its meteorites. Read more.

Brightest Mars since 2003: Why was Mars so bright and red in our sky in July and August 2018? Here’s the answer. Read more.

Mars is very bright now! And it’s very red in color. Dennis Chabot of POSNE NightSky captured this photo of Mars on July 21, 2018.

Curiosity finds strange object on the surface of Mars: The Mars Curiosity rover captured images of this strange object on the planet’s surface on August 13. What is it? NASA scientists have figured it out. Read more.

Image via NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS.

EarthSky 2019 lunar calendars are cool! Order now. Going fast!

Bottom line: Read the five most popular posts at earthsky.org in 2018.



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2SpFokL

Scientists expect 1st direct black hole image soon: This was one of the most popular posts at EarthSky all year, and no wonder. It’s exciting! In March, scientists said they expect to obtain the 1st-ever direct image of a black hole’s event horizon, soon. Read more.

Situation at Kilauea Volcano ‘steadily worsening’: Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano erupted for weeks in mid-2018, creating fissure in the land, tossing out large boulders and releasing of toxic gases in a plume called a laze when molten lava met the sea. Images and videos here. Read more.

Fragments of asteroid 2018 LA found in Botswana: Astronomers detected a small asteroid just 8 hours before it struck Earth’s atmosphere over southern Africa on June 2, producing a terrific explosion. A few days later, researchers reported finding its meteorites. Read more.

Brightest Mars since 2003: Why was Mars so bright and red in our sky in July and August 2018? Here’s the answer. Read more.

Mars is very bright now! And it’s very red in color. Dennis Chabot of POSNE NightSky captured this photo of Mars on July 21, 2018.

Curiosity finds strange object on the surface of Mars: The Mars Curiosity rover captured images of this strange object on the planet’s surface on August 13. What is it? NASA scientists have figured it out. Read more.

Image via NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS.

EarthSky 2019 lunar calendars are cool! Order now. Going fast!

Bottom line: Read the five most popular posts at earthsky.org in 2018.



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2SpFokL

Why can’t we feel Earth’s spin?

Image via NASA.gov

Earth spins on its axis once in every 24-hour day. At Earth’s equator, the speed of Earth’s spin is about 1,000 miles per hour (1,600 kph). The day-night has carried you around in a grand circle under the stars every day of your life, and yet you don’t feel Earth spinning. Why not? It’s because you and everything else – including Earth’s oceans and atmosphere – are spinning along with the Earth at the same constant speed.

It’s only if Earth stopped spinning, suddenly, that we’d feel it. Then it would be a feeling similar to riding along in a fast car, and having someone slam on the brakes!

Think about riding in a car or flying in a plane. As long as the ride is going smoothly, you can almost convince yourself you’re not moving. A jumbo jet flies at about 500 miles per hour (about 800 km per hour), or about half as fast as the Earth spins at its equator. But, while you’re riding on that jet, if you close your eyes, you don’t feel like you’re moving at all. And when the flight attendant comes by and pours coffee into your cup, the coffee doesn’t fly to the back of the plane. That’s because the coffee, the cup and you are all moving at the same rate as the plane.

Now think about what would happen if the car or plane wasn’t moving at a constant rate, but instead speeding up and slowing down. Then, when the flight attendant poured your coffee … look out!

If you're drinking coffee in a steadily moving car or airplane, no problem. But if the car or plane speeds up or slows down, your coffee sloshes and maybe spills. Likewise, as long as Earth spins steadily, we can't feel it move. Image by H.C. Mayer and R. Krechetnikov, via Science.

If you’re drinking coffee in a steadily moving car or airplane, no problem. But if the car or plane speeds up or slows down, your coffee sloshes and maybe spills. Likewise, as long as Earth spins steadily, we can’t feel it move. Image by H.C. Mayer and R. Krechetnikov, via Science.

Earth is moving at a fixed rate, and we’re all moving along with it, and that’s why we don’t feel Earth’s spin. If Earth’s spin were suddenly to speed up or slow down, you would definitely feel it.

The constant spin of the Earth had our ancestors pretty confused about the true nature of the cosmos. They noticed that the stars, and the sun and the moon, all appeared to move above the Earth. Because they couldn’t feel Earth move, they logically interpreted this observation to mean that Earth was stationary and “the heavens” moved above us.

With the notable exception of the early Greek scientist Aristarchus, who first proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the universe hundreds of years B.C.E., the world’s great thinkers upheld the geocentric (Earth-centered) idea of the cosmos for many centuries.

It wasn’t until the 16th Century that the heliocentric model of Copernicus began to be discussed and understood. While not without errors, Copernicus’ model eventually convinced the world that Earth spun on its axis beneath the stars … and also moved in orbit around the sun.

Sky wheeling around Polaris, the North Star.

A time exposure of the northern sky, revealing the apparent motion of all the stars around Polaris. In fact, this apparent motion is due to Earth’s spin. Image via Shutterstock

Bottom line: We don’t feel Earth rotating on its axis because Earth spins steadily – and moves at a constant rate in orbit around the sun – carrying you as a passenger right along with it.



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2ET0Smj

Image via NASA.gov

Earth spins on its axis once in every 24-hour day. At Earth’s equator, the speed of Earth’s spin is about 1,000 miles per hour (1,600 kph). The day-night has carried you around in a grand circle under the stars every day of your life, and yet you don’t feel Earth spinning. Why not? It’s because you and everything else – including Earth’s oceans and atmosphere – are spinning along with the Earth at the same constant speed.

It’s only if Earth stopped spinning, suddenly, that we’d feel it. Then it would be a feeling similar to riding along in a fast car, and having someone slam on the brakes!

Think about riding in a car or flying in a plane. As long as the ride is going smoothly, you can almost convince yourself you’re not moving. A jumbo jet flies at about 500 miles per hour (about 800 km per hour), or about half as fast as the Earth spins at its equator. But, while you’re riding on that jet, if you close your eyes, you don’t feel like you’re moving at all. And when the flight attendant comes by and pours coffee into your cup, the coffee doesn’t fly to the back of the plane. That’s because the coffee, the cup and you are all moving at the same rate as the plane.

Now think about what would happen if the car or plane wasn’t moving at a constant rate, but instead speeding up and slowing down. Then, when the flight attendant poured your coffee … look out!

If you're drinking coffee in a steadily moving car or airplane, no problem. But if the car or plane speeds up or slows down, your coffee sloshes and maybe spills. Likewise, as long as Earth spins steadily, we can't feel it move. Image by H.C. Mayer and R. Krechetnikov, via Science.

If you’re drinking coffee in a steadily moving car or airplane, no problem. But if the car or plane speeds up or slows down, your coffee sloshes and maybe spills. Likewise, as long as Earth spins steadily, we can’t feel it move. Image by H.C. Mayer and R. Krechetnikov, via Science.

Earth is moving at a fixed rate, and we’re all moving along with it, and that’s why we don’t feel Earth’s spin. If Earth’s spin were suddenly to speed up or slow down, you would definitely feel it.

The constant spin of the Earth had our ancestors pretty confused about the true nature of the cosmos. They noticed that the stars, and the sun and the moon, all appeared to move above the Earth. Because they couldn’t feel Earth move, they logically interpreted this observation to mean that Earth was stationary and “the heavens” moved above us.

With the notable exception of the early Greek scientist Aristarchus, who first proposed a heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the universe hundreds of years B.C.E., the world’s great thinkers upheld the geocentric (Earth-centered) idea of the cosmos for many centuries.

It wasn’t until the 16th Century that the heliocentric model of Copernicus began to be discussed and understood. While not without errors, Copernicus’ model eventually convinced the world that Earth spun on its axis beneath the stars … and also moved in orbit around the sun.

Sky wheeling around Polaris, the North Star.

A time exposure of the northern sky, revealing the apparent motion of all the stars around Polaris. In fact, this apparent motion is due to Earth’s spin. Image via Shutterstock

Bottom line: We don’t feel Earth rotating on its axis because Earth spins steadily – and moves at a constant rate in orbit around the sun – carrying you as a passenger right along with it.



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2ET0Smj

Red sunset from Italy’s Mount Etna

“A ‘burned’ sunset,” wrote Giuseppe Pappa on December 27.

Europe’s most active volcano – Mount Etna on the east coast of Sicily, Italy – began its newest eruption on Christmas Eve 2018. Giuseppe Pappa in Sicily posted the two photos on this page to EarthSky Facebook on December 27. Thanks for sharing, Giuseppe! Read more: Mount Etna volcano eruption and earthquake cause Christmas chaos

A December 27 photo of Mount Etna from Giuseppe Pappa. Click here to go to an interactive version of this photo.

EarthSky 2019 lunar calendars are cool! Order now. Going fast!



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2Srcwc2

“A ‘burned’ sunset,” wrote Giuseppe Pappa on December 27.

Europe’s most active volcano – Mount Etna on the east coast of Sicily, Italy – began its newest eruption on Christmas Eve 2018. Giuseppe Pappa in Sicily posted the two photos on this page to EarthSky Facebook on December 27. Thanks for sharing, Giuseppe! Read more: Mount Etna volcano eruption and earthquake cause Christmas chaos

A December 27 photo of Mount Etna from Giuseppe Pappa. Click here to go to an interactive version of this photo.

EarthSky 2019 lunar calendars are cool! Order now. Going fast!



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2Srcwc2

Moon and Spica on December 29 and 30

These next few mornings – December 29 and 30, 2018 – people around the world will see the moon in the vicinity of Spica, the constellation Virgo’s one and only 1st-magnitude star.

As seen from around the world, the moon will be at or near its last quarter phase on the morning of December 29. At last quarter, the moon appears half-illuminated in sunshine and half-immersed in the moon’s own shadow. The lit side of the waning moon always points eastward – or in the direction of sunrise.

Relative to the backdrop stars of the zodiac, the moon travels its own angular diameter of about one-half degree eastward per hour, or approximately 13 degrees eastward per day. For that reason the moon will be closer to Spica on December 30 than it’ll be on December 29.

On the last morning of the year – December 31, 2018 – watch for the moon to line up with the planets Venus, Jupiter and Mercury. Read more.

The last quarter moon happens on December 29 at 9:34 UTC. At U.S. time zones, that places the time of the last quarter moon on December 29 at 5:34 a.m. EDT, 4:34 a.m. CDT, 3:34 a.m. MDT and 2:34 a.m. PDT.

By definition, and in the language of astronomy, the moon at its last quarter phase is at west quadrature – 90 degrees west of the sun in geocentric ecliptic longitude. Technically speaking, the last quarter moon is not exactly 50% illuminated at west quadrature, although the lunar disk certainly looks half lit to the eye. Depending on the month, the illuminated portion of last quarter moon varies from 50.117% to 50.138%.

To be less ambiguous, we could say the moon at the instant that it lies 90 degrees west of the sun is at westquadrature, rather than at last quarter. However, the term last quarter is synonymous with west quadrature, and the term first quarter moon is synonymous with east quadrature.

Not to scale! The illustration shows the moon at dichotomy as seen from Earth, and Earth at quadrature as seen from the moon. The moon resides at the vertex of the right angle. However, when it's the Earth that resides at the vertex of the right angle, then it's moon that's at quadrature as viewed from the Earth, and the Earth that's at dichotomy as seen from the moon.

Not to scale! The illustration shows the moon at dichotomy as seen from Earth, and Earth at quadrature as seen from the moon. The moon resides at the vertex of the right angle. However, when it’s the Earth that resides at the vertex of the right angle, then it’s moon that’s at quadrature as viewed from the Earth, and the Earth that’s at dichotomy as seen from the moon.

The moon is exactly half-illuminated at dichotomy, yet a tiny bit more than half-illuminated at quadrature (quarter moon). The moon always reaches dichotomy (50% illumination) a short while after its first quarter phase; and the moon always reaches its last quarter phase shortly before dichotomy.

When the moon is at quadrature (first or last quarter) in Earth’s sky, then it’s the Earth that’s at dichotomy in the moon’s sky – and vice versa.

Want more? See this cool diagram of dichotomy vs. quadrature via GeoGebra!

Bottom line: On December 29 and 30, 2018, let the waning moon introduce you to Spica, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo the Maiden.



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2ESrVxP

These next few mornings – December 29 and 30, 2018 – people around the world will see the moon in the vicinity of Spica, the constellation Virgo’s one and only 1st-magnitude star.

As seen from around the world, the moon will be at or near its last quarter phase on the morning of December 29. At last quarter, the moon appears half-illuminated in sunshine and half-immersed in the moon’s own shadow. The lit side of the waning moon always points eastward – or in the direction of sunrise.

Relative to the backdrop stars of the zodiac, the moon travels its own angular diameter of about one-half degree eastward per hour, or approximately 13 degrees eastward per day. For that reason the moon will be closer to Spica on December 30 than it’ll be on December 29.

On the last morning of the year – December 31, 2018 – watch for the moon to line up with the planets Venus, Jupiter and Mercury. Read more.

The last quarter moon happens on December 29 at 9:34 UTC. At U.S. time zones, that places the time of the last quarter moon on December 29 at 5:34 a.m. EDT, 4:34 a.m. CDT, 3:34 a.m. MDT and 2:34 a.m. PDT.

By definition, and in the language of astronomy, the moon at its last quarter phase is at west quadrature – 90 degrees west of the sun in geocentric ecliptic longitude. Technically speaking, the last quarter moon is not exactly 50% illuminated at west quadrature, although the lunar disk certainly looks half lit to the eye. Depending on the month, the illuminated portion of last quarter moon varies from 50.117% to 50.138%.

To be less ambiguous, we could say the moon at the instant that it lies 90 degrees west of the sun is at westquadrature, rather than at last quarter. However, the term last quarter is synonymous with west quadrature, and the term first quarter moon is synonymous with east quadrature.

Not to scale! The illustration shows the moon at dichotomy as seen from Earth, and Earth at quadrature as seen from the moon. The moon resides at the vertex of the right angle. However, when it's the Earth that resides at the vertex of the right angle, then it's moon that's at quadrature as viewed from the Earth, and the Earth that's at dichotomy as seen from the moon.

Not to scale! The illustration shows the moon at dichotomy as seen from Earth, and Earth at quadrature as seen from the moon. The moon resides at the vertex of the right angle. However, when it’s the Earth that resides at the vertex of the right angle, then it’s moon that’s at quadrature as viewed from the Earth, and the Earth that’s at dichotomy as seen from the moon.

The moon is exactly half-illuminated at dichotomy, yet a tiny bit more than half-illuminated at quadrature (quarter moon). The moon always reaches dichotomy (50% illumination) a short while after its first quarter phase; and the moon always reaches its last quarter phase shortly before dichotomy.

When the moon is at quadrature (first or last quarter) in Earth’s sky, then it’s the Earth that’s at dichotomy in the moon’s sky – and vice versa.

Want more? See this cool diagram of dichotomy vs. quadrature via GeoGebra!

Bottom line: On December 29 and 30, 2018, let the waning moon introduce you to Spica, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo the Maiden.



from EarthSky http://bit.ly/2ESrVxP