The Trump administration wants to bail out failed contrarian climate scientists

Climate contrarians, like Trump’s EPA administrator Scott Pruitt and Energy Secretary Rick Perry, don’t understand how scientific research works. They are basically asking for a government handout to scientists to do what scientists are should already be doing. They are also requesting handouts for scientists who have been less successful in research and publications – a move antithetical to the survival of the fitness approach that has formed the scientific community for decades.

The helping handout would be through a proposed exercise called a “red team/blue team” effort. It is a proposal that would reportedly find groups of scientists on both “sides” of the climate issue (whatever that means), and have them try to poke holes in each others’ positions. I will explain why this is a handout but first let’s talk about the plan and how it interferes with the scientific process.

I say that Pruitt and Perry don’t understand how science works because we are already doing “red team/blue team” exercises everyday in our normal line of business. Science works by challenging each other and our ideas. If we think that a colleague has made an error, we tend to be merciless and tenacious to correct the errors. This is part of the premise of the concept of peer review – where we send studies and manuscripts to journals to have other experts objectively review them for errors.

So back to the basic premise of a red team/blue team exercise – basically the “red team” would critique some conclusion of a “blue team.” The blue team would be able to respond, and there would be this back and forth exchange. On its face it sounds pretty straightforward even though scientists are already doing that in the scientific literature. But how would this work in practice? 

First, how would the red team and blue team members be selected? Would they be picked by Pruitt and Perry who have already demonstrated a commitment to unbridled fossil fuel usage? The red team would almost certainly be selected from the very small but vocal group of contrarian scientists and non-scientists who have failed in the scientific arena. The fact is, there are no credible scientists who doubt that human emissions of greenhouse gases cause global warming. They just don’t exist. 

There are some “lukewarmist” scientists who think the problem won’t be that bad, but these “lukewarmers” have failed to provide compelling evidence in the scientific literature. In many instances, their work has been shown to be wrong, the mainstream scientists have evaluated their claims and found them lacking or faulty. And this is why 97% of the world’s top climate scientists agree with each other on climate change. 

So forming a red team would basically amount to a governmental helping hand to scientists who have not succeeded in the scientific arena. Since they cannot compete in the cut-throat area of scientific research, they would be given a free pass by the government to circumvent the normal peer review process. Let’s be clear, the red team cannot make the case in the scientific arena so they would be given a free pass to make their claims in the political arena.

What would the exercise look like? Well that isn’t clear. Some ideas have been floated such as a live debate. Perhaps a red team response to a summary article such as the National Climate Report made public recently by the New York Times? Would it be special earmarked funding for contrarians to perform research? Would it be an “official” U.S. government report that is written by the contrarians? We just don’t know.

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Climate contrarians, like Trump’s EPA administrator Scott Pruitt and Energy Secretary Rick Perry, don’t understand how scientific research works. They are basically asking for a government handout to scientists to do what scientists are should already be doing. They are also requesting handouts for scientists who have been less successful in research and publications – a move antithetical to the survival of the fitness approach that has formed the scientific community for decades.

The helping handout would be through a proposed exercise called a “red team/blue team” effort. It is a proposal that would reportedly find groups of scientists on both “sides” of the climate issue (whatever that means), and have them try to poke holes in each others’ positions. I will explain why this is a handout but first let’s talk about the plan and how it interferes with the scientific process.

I say that Pruitt and Perry don’t understand how science works because we are already doing “red team/blue team” exercises everyday in our normal line of business. Science works by challenging each other and our ideas. If we think that a colleague has made an error, we tend to be merciless and tenacious to correct the errors. This is part of the premise of the concept of peer review – where we send studies and manuscripts to journals to have other experts objectively review them for errors.

So back to the basic premise of a red team/blue team exercise – basically the “red team” would critique some conclusion of a “blue team.” The blue team would be able to respond, and there would be this back and forth exchange. On its face it sounds pretty straightforward even though scientists are already doing that in the scientific literature. But how would this work in practice? 

First, how would the red team and blue team members be selected? Would they be picked by Pruitt and Perry who have already demonstrated a commitment to unbridled fossil fuel usage? The red team would almost certainly be selected from the very small but vocal group of contrarian scientists and non-scientists who have failed in the scientific arena. The fact is, there are no credible scientists who doubt that human emissions of greenhouse gases cause global warming. They just don’t exist. 

There are some “lukewarmist” scientists who think the problem won’t be that bad, but these “lukewarmers” have failed to provide compelling evidence in the scientific literature. In many instances, their work has been shown to be wrong, the mainstream scientists have evaluated their claims and found them lacking or faulty. And this is why 97% of the world’s top climate scientists agree with each other on climate change. 

So forming a red team would basically amount to a governmental helping hand to scientists who have not succeeded in the scientific arena. Since they cannot compete in the cut-throat area of scientific research, they would be given a free pass by the government to circumvent the normal peer review process. Let’s be clear, the red team cannot make the case in the scientific arena so they would be given a free pass to make their claims in the political arena.

What would the exercise look like? Well that isn’t clear. Some ideas have been floated such as a live debate. Perhaps a red team response to a summary article such as the National Climate Report made public recently by the New York Times? Would it be special earmarked funding for contrarians to perform research? Would it be an “official” U.S. government report that is written by the contrarians? We just don’t know.

Click here to read the rest



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2017 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #35

A chronological listing of news articles posted on the Skeptical Science Facebook page during the past week. 

Editor's Pick

Global warming doubles growth rates of Antarctic seabed's marine fauna – study

Antarctic Sea 

Antarctic sea has a species-rich environment but global warming could make some species dominant with devastating implications for marine life. Photograph: STAFF/Reuters

Marine life on the Antarctic seabed is likely to be far more affected by global warming than previously thought, say scientists who have conducted the most sophisticated study to date of heating impacts in the species-rich environment.

Growth rates of some fauna doubled – including colonising moss animals and undersea worms – following a 1C increase in temperature, making them more dominant, pushing out other species and reducing overall levels of biodiversity, according to the study published on Thursday in Current Biology.

The researchers who conducted the nine-month experiment in the Bellingshuan Sea say this could have alarming implications for marine life across the globe as temperatures rise over the coming decades as a result of manmade greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Gail Ashton of the British Antarctic Survey and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center said she was not expecting such a significant difference. “The loss of biodiversity is very concerning. This is an indication of what may happen elsewhere with greater warning.” 

Global warming doubles growth rates of Antarctic seabed's marine fauna – study by Jonathan Watts, Guardian, Aug 31, 2017


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from Skeptical Science http://ift.tt/2wsAquQ
A chronological listing of news articles posted on the Skeptical Science Facebook page during the past week. 

Editor's Pick

Global warming doubles growth rates of Antarctic seabed's marine fauna – study

Antarctic Sea 

Antarctic sea has a species-rich environment but global warming could make some species dominant with devastating implications for marine life. Photograph: STAFF/Reuters

Marine life on the Antarctic seabed is likely to be far more affected by global warming than previously thought, say scientists who have conducted the most sophisticated study to date of heating impacts in the species-rich environment.

Growth rates of some fauna doubled – including colonising moss animals and undersea worms – following a 1C increase in temperature, making them more dominant, pushing out other species and reducing overall levels of biodiversity, according to the study published on Thursday in Current Biology.

The researchers who conducted the nine-month experiment in the Bellingshuan Sea say this could have alarming implications for marine life across the globe as temperatures rise over the coming decades as a result of manmade greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Gail Ashton of the British Antarctic Survey and Smithsonian Environmental Research Center said she was not expecting such a significant difference. “The loss of biodiversity is very concerning. This is an indication of what may happen elsewhere with greater warning.” 

Global warming doubles growth rates of Antarctic seabed's marine fauna – study by Jonathan Watts, Guardian, Aug 31, 2017


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Radar shows 2 moons for asteroid Florence

Asteroid 3122 Florence and its 2 newly discovered moons, as seen via radar on September 1, 2017. Image via NASA/JPL Center for Near-Earth Object Studies.

Asteroid 3122 Florence – largest asteroid to pass so close in over a century – swept past Earth on September 1, 2017. As it did so, astronomers using radar found that it is orbited by two tiny moons! According to a September 1 statement from the Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS):

Radar images of asteroid 3122 Florence obtained at the 70-meter antenna at NASA’s Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex between August 29 and September 1 have revealed that the asteroid has two small moons, and also confirmed that main asteroid Florence is about 4.5 km (2.8 miles) in size. Florence is only the third triple asteroid known in the near-Earth population out of more than 16,400 that have been discovered to date. All three near-Earth asteroid triples have been discovered with radar observations and Florence is the first seen since two moons were discovered around asteroid 1994 CC in June 2009.

The sizes of the two moons are not yet well known, but they are probably between 100 – 300 meters (300-1000 feet) across. The times required for each moon to revolve around Florence are also not yet known precisely but appear to be roughly 8 hours for the inner moon and 22 to 27 hours for the outer moon. The inner moon of the Florence system has the shortest orbital period of any of the moons of the 60 near-Earth asteroids known to have moons. In the Goldstone radar images, which have a resolution of 75 meters, the moons are only a few pixels in extent and do not reveal any detail.

Animated sequence of radar images of asteroid Florence and its moons. The 70-meter antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications complex acquired the images September 1. The resolution is about 75 meters. The images show two moons orbiting the much larger central body, which is about 4.5 km in diameter. The inner moon briefly disappears as it moves behind the central body and is hidden from the radar. Image via NASA/JPL Center for Near-Earth Object Studies.

Asteroid 3122 Florence was discovered on March 2, 1981 from the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. It is named in honor of Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), the founder of modern nursing. It passed safely at over 18 times the Earth-moon distance. It won’t come this close again until after the year 2500.

See images and video of asteroid 3122 Florence

Want to observe the asteroid from your backyard? Skyandtelescope.com offers great charts like the one below.

During late August and early September, the near-Earth asteroid 3122 Florence passes Earth as close as 4.4 million miles from Earth. It will be bright enough to spot in modest backyard telescopes, and possibly binoculars. Note that the labeled dates on this chart mark the asteroid’s location at 11 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time; translate to your time zone. Diagram via SkyandTelescope.com.

Professional astronomers have scheduled from NASA’s Goldstone Radar between August 29 to September 8, 2017. The Arecibo Observatory will also analyze Florence from September 2 – 5, 2017. Astronomers had said that Florence provided them with an excellent opportunity to make detailed measurements of a large near-Earth asteroid. Radar scientists have obtained high-resolution images of Florence. The recent statement said:

The radar images … provide our first close-up view of Florence itself. Although the asteroid is fairly round, it has a ridge along its equator, at least one large crater, two large flat regions, and numerous other small-scale topographic features. The images also confirm that Florence rotates once every 2.4 hours, a result that was determined previously from optical measurements of the asteroid’s brightness variations.

Among the near-Earth asteroids classified as Potentially Hazardous, Florence is one of the biggest. Bigger asteroids include 1999 JM8 (4.3 miles or 7 km), 4183 Cuno (3.5 miles or 5.6 km) and 3200 Phaeton (3.2 miles or 5.1 km), which is thought to be the parent body of the Geminid meteor shower.

Of these, however, Florence is brightest, making it an excellent target for possible glimpses via small telescopes and binoculars.

Its size of about half the elevation of Mount Everest should allow it to reach a visual magnitude of +8.75 to +9, making it a relatively easy target for experienced observers at sites with dark skies.

Its distance will make it difficult to detect its slow motion across the stars, unless you are using at least a 5″ diameter or bigger telescope and observe in the right direction.

Although asteroid Florence is travelling at 30,266 miles per hour (48,708 km/h), the distance will make it appear so slow that observers should keep watching the fairly bright asteroid for about 5 to 10 minutes to detect its movement across the stars.

Radar images of asteroid 3122 Florence, obtained from August 29, 2017 via Goldstone Radar in California. Image via NASA/JPL.

Bottom line: Asteroid 3122 Florence will safely pass by our planet on September 1, 2017 at over 18 times the Earth-moon distance. It’s the largest asteroid to pass this close to our planet since the first near-Earth asteroid was discovered over a century ago and might be visible to observers at dark sites using small telescopes, and even binoculars.

Read more about large Asteroid Florence from the Center for NEO Studies



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Asteroid 3122 Florence and its 2 newly discovered moons, as seen via radar on September 1, 2017. Image via NASA/JPL Center for Near-Earth Object Studies.

Asteroid 3122 Florence – largest asteroid to pass so close in over a century – swept past Earth on September 1, 2017. As it did so, astronomers using radar found that it is orbited by two tiny moons! According to a September 1 statement from the Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS):

Radar images of asteroid 3122 Florence obtained at the 70-meter antenna at NASA’s Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex between August 29 and September 1 have revealed that the asteroid has two small moons, and also confirmed that main asteroid Florence is about 4.5 km (2.8 miles) in size. Florence is only the third triple asteroid known in the near-Earth population out of more than 16,400 that have been discovered to date. All three near-Earth asteroid triples have been discovered with radar observations and Florence is the first seen since two moons were discovered around asteroid 1994 CC in June 2009.

The sizes of the two moons are not yet well known, but they are probably between 100 – 300 meters (300-1000 feet) across. The times required for each moon to revolve around Florence are also not yet known precisely but appear to be roughly 8 hours for the inner moon and 22 to 27 hours for the outer moon. The inner moon of the Florence system has the shortest orbital period of any of the moons of the 60 near-Earth asteroids known to have moons. In the Goldstone radar images, which have a resolution of 75 meters, the moons are only a few pixels in extent and do not reveal any detail.

Animated sequence of radar images of asteroid Florence and its moons. The 70-meter antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications complex acquired the images September 1. The resolution is about 75 meters. The images show two moons orbiting the much larger central body, which is about 4.5 km in diameter. The inner moon briefly disappears as it moves behind the central body and is hidden from the radar. Image via NASA/JPL Center for Near-Earth Object Studies.

Asteroid 3122 Florence was discovered on March 2, 1981 from the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. It is named in honor of Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), the founder of modern nursing. It passed safely at over 18 times the Earth-moon distance. It won’t come this close again until after the year 2500.

See images and video of asteroid 3122 Florence

Want to observe the asteroid from your backyard? Skyandtelescope.com offers great charts like the one below.

During late August and early September, the near-Earth asteroid 3122 Florence passes Earth as close as 4.4 million miles from Earth. It will be bright enough to spot in modest backyard telescopes, and possibly binoculars. Note that the labeled dates on this chart mark the asteroid’s location at 11 p.m. Eastern Daylight Time; translate to your time zone. Diagram via SkyandTelescope.com.

Professional astronomers have scheduled from NASA’s Goldstone Radar between August 29 to September 8, 2017. The Arecibo Observatory will also analyze Florence from September 2 – 5, 2017. Astronomers had said that Florence provided them with an excellent opportunity to make detailed measurements of a large near-Earth asteroid. Radar scientists have obtained high-resolution images of Florence. The recent statement said:

The radar images … provide our first close-up view of Florence itself. Although the asteroid is fairly round, it has a ridge along its equator, at least one large crater, two large flat regions, and numerous other small-scale topographic features. The images also confirm that Florence rotates once every 2.4 hours, a result that was determined previously from optical measurements of the asteroid’s brightness variations.

Among the near-Earth asteroids classified as Potentially Hazardous, Florence is one of the biggest. Bigger asteroids include 1999 JM8 (4.3 miles or 7 km), 4183 Cuno (3.5 miles or 5.6 km) and 3200 Phaeton (3.2 miles or 5.1 km), which is thought to be the parent body of the Geminid meteor shower.

Of these, however, Florence is brightest, making it an excellent target for possible glimpses via small telescopes and binoculars.

Its size of about half the elevation of Mount Everest should allow it to reach a visual magnitude of +8.75 to +9, making it a relatively easy target for experienced observers at sites with dark skies.

Its distance will make it difficult to detect its slow motion across the stars, unless you are using at least a 5″ diameter or bigger telescope and observe in the right direction.

Although asteroid Florence is travelling at 30,266 miles per hour (48,708 km/h), the distance will make it appear so slow that observers should keep watching the fairly bright asteroid for about 5 to 10 minutes to detect its movement across the stars.

Radar images of asteroid 3122 Florence, obtained from August 29, 2017 via Goldstone Radar in California. Image via NASA/JPL.

Bottom line: Asteroid 3122 Florence will safely pass by our planet on September 1, 2017 at over 18 times the Earth-moon distance. It’s the largest asteroid to pass this close to our planet since the first near-Earth asteroid was discovered over a century ago and might be visible to observers at dark sites using small telescopes, and even binoculars.

Read more about large Asteroid Florence from the Center for NEO Studies



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The strange case of FRB 121102

View larger. | Visible-light image of the host galaxy of the source of the fast radio bursts, called FRB 121102. Image via NRAO/ Gemini Observatory/AURA/NSF/NRC.

Breakthrough Listen – a global astronomical initiative to find signs of intelligent life in the universe, launched in 2015 by Internet investor Yuri Milner and cosmologist Stephen Hawking – has detected 15 more brief but powerful radio pulses from FRB 121102, a mysterious source associated with a galaxy in the distant universe. Fast radio bursts are unpredictable bright pulses of radio emission, of extremely short duration (on the order of milliseconds), from largely unknown sources. FRB 121102 is the only one known to repeat. The new Breakthrough Listen observations, made with the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia, bring the total of known high-energy bursts from this strange object to more than 150.

The new results are published as an Astronomer’s Telegram, which is a non-peer-reviewed vehicle used by astronomers to report upon new astronomical observations of transient sources such as this one.

The first known radio burst from FRB 121102 came on November 2, 2012 (hence the object’s name). Two more bursts occurred on May 17, 2015, and eight more on June 2, 2015. Astronomers had observed fast radio bursts (FRBs) in the past, but, because it repeats, this one quickly became the target of ongoing monitoring campaigns by instruments across the globe.

National Radio Astronomy Observatory VLA fast radio burst animation from NRAO Outreach on Vimeo.

What causes the fast radio bursts, and why do they repeat? Astronomers don’t know but are trying to find out, aided by the information about FRB 121102 that’s only now accumulating. In 2016, astronomers pinpointed the location of the bursts on our sky’s dome, associating them with a dwarf galaxy about 3 billion light-years from Earth. One suggestion was that the bursts might come a strongly magnetized neutron star, or pulsar, such as the one at the center of the Crab Nebula. But, unlike the Crab Nebula, no X-rays have been detected from FRB 121102, indicating that the bursts’ source is not just a scaled-up version of the young pulsar at the Crab Nebula’s heart.

A 3-color composite of the well-known Crab Nebula (also known as Messier 1). It’s the remnant of a supernova explosion about 6,000 light-years away, observed in the year 1054. At its center is a pulsar — a small, compact neutron star that spins around its axis 30 times per second – that might be similar to the source FRB 121102. However, while the Crab pulsar emits X-rays, FRB 121102 does not. Image via ESO.

A much more speculative idea is that the bursts are directed energy sources used by extraterrestrial civilizations to power spacecraft. Hence Breakthrough Listen’s interst in this object. Their August 29, 2017 statement about the 15 new bursts said:

In the early hours of Saturday, August 26, UC Berkeley postdoctoral researcher Vishal Gajjar observed the location of FRB 121102 using the Breakthrough Listen backend instrument at the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia. The instrument accumulated 400 TB of data on the object over a five-hour observation, observing the entire 4 to 8 GHz frequency band. This large dataset was searched for signatures of short pulses from the source over a broad range of frequencies, with a characteristic dispersion, or delay as a function of frequency, caused by the presence of gas in space between us and the source. The distinctive shape that the dispersion imposes on the initial pulse is an indicator of the amount of material between us and the source, and hence an indicator of the distance to the host galaxy.

Analysis by Dr. Gajjar and the Listen team revealed 15 new pulses from FRB 121102.

Research published in March 2017 by astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) suggests that fast radio bursts could be evidence of advanced alien technology. Specifically, these bursts might be leakage from planet-sized transmitters powering interstellar probes in distant galaxies. Theorist Avi Loeb, who co-authored that research, said: “An artificial origin is worth contemplating and checking.” This artist’s concept is via CfA.

As well as confirming that the source is in a newly active state, the new observations at Green Bank – using the Breakthrough Listen instrument on the telescope – will allow very precise measurements of the properties of the mysterious bursts from FRB 121102. Breakthrough Listen said:

The observations also show for the first time that FRBs emit at higher frequencies (with the brightest emission occurring at around 7 GHz) than previously observed. The extraordinary capabilities of the Listen backend, which is able to record several gigahertz of bandwidth at a time, split into billions of individual channels, enable a new view of the frequency spectrum of FRBs, and should shed additional light on the processes giving rise to FRB emission.

Breakthrough Listen pointed out that – when the recently-detected pulses left their host galaxy – our own solar system was just 2 billion years old. Life on Earth consisted of only single-celled organisms, and it would be another billion years before even the simplest multi-cellular life began to evolve.

A sequence of 14 of the 15 fast radio bursts from FRB 121102. The streaks across the colored energy plot are the bursts appearing at different times and different energies because of dispersion caused by 3 billion years of travel through intergalactic space. The bursts were captured in a broad bandwidth via the Breakthrough Listen backend instrument at the Green Bank Telescope. Image via Berkeley News.

Bottom line: Breakthrough Listen – an initiative to find signs of intelligent life in the universe – reports 15 new fast radio bursts from the mysterious distant galaxy FRB 121102. The observations were made using the new Breakthrough Listen backend instrument at the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia.



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View larger. | Visible-light image of the host galaxy of the source of the fast radio bursts, called FRB 121102. Image via NRAO/ Gemini Observatory/AURA/NSF/NRC.

Breakthrough Listen – a global astronomical initiative to find signs of intelligent life in the universe, launched in 2015 by Internet investor Yuri Milner and cosmologist Stephen Hawking – has detected 15 more brief but powerful radio pulses from FRB 121102, a mysterious source associated with a galaxy in the distant universe. Fast radio bursts are unpredictable bright pulses of radio emission, of extremely short duration (on the order of milliseconds), from largely unknown sources. FRB 121102 is the only one known to repeat. The new Breakthrough Listen observations, made with the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia, bring the total of known high-energy bursts from this strange object to more than 150.

The new results are published as an Astronomer’s Telegram, which is a non-peer-reviewed vehicle used by astronomers to report upon new astronomical observations of transient sources such as this one.

The first known radio burst from FRB 121102 came on November 2, 2012 (hence the object’s name). Two more bursts occurred on May 17, 2015, and eight more on June 2, 2015. Astronomers had observed fast radio bursts (FRBs) in the past, but, because it repeats, this one quickly became the target of ongoing monitoring campaigns by instruments across the globe.

National Radio Astronomy Observatory VLA fast radio burst animation from NRAO Outreach on Vimeo.

What causes the fast radio bursts, and why do they repeat? Astronomers don’t know but are trying to find out, aided by the information about FRB 121102 that’s only now accumulating. In 2016, astronomers pinpointed the location of the bursts on our sky’s dome, associating them with a dwarf galaxy about 3 billion light-years from Earth. One suggestion was that the bursts might come a strongly magnetized neutron star, or pulsar, such as the one at the center of the Crab Nebula. But, unlike the Crab Nebula, no X-rays have been detected from FRB 121102, indicating that the bursts’ source is not just a scaled-up version of the young pulsar at the Crab Nebula’s heart.

A 3-color composite of the well-known Crab Nebula (also known as Messier 1). It’s the remnant of a supernova explosion about 6,000 light-years away, observed in the year 1054. At its center is a pulsar — a small, compact neutron star that spins around its axis 30 times per second – that might be similar to the source FRB 121102. However, while the Crab pulsar emits X-rays, FRB 121102 does not. Image via ESO.

A much more speculative idea is that the bursts are directed energy sources used by extraterrestrial civilizations to power spacecraft. Hence Breakthrough Listen’s interst in this object. Their August 29, 2017 statement about the 15 new bursts said:

In the early hours of Saturday, August 26, UC Berkeley postdoctoral researcher Vishal Gajjar observed the location of FRB 121102 using the Breakthrough Listen backend instrument at the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia. The instrument accumulated 400 TB of data on the object over a five-hour observation, observing the entire 4 to 8 GHz frequency band. This large dataset was searched for signatures of short pulses from the source over a broad range of frequencies, with a characteristic dispersion, or delay as a function of frequency, caused by the presence of gas in space between us and the source. The distinctive shape that the dispersion imposes on the initial pulse is an indicator of the amount of material between us and the source, and hence an indicator of the distance to the host galaxy.

Analysis by Dr. Gajjar and the Listen team revealed 15 new pulses from FRB 121102.

Research published in March 2017 by astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) suggests that fast radio bursts could be evidence of advanced alien technology. Specifically, these bursts might be leakage from planet-sized transmitters powering interstellar probes in distant galaxies. Theorist Avi Loeb, who co-authored that research, said: “An artificial origin is worth contemplating and checking.” This artist’s concept is via CfA.

As well as confirming that the source is in a newly active state, the new observations at Green Bank – using the Breakthrough Listen instrument on the telescope – will allow very precise measurements of the properties of the mysterious bursts from FRB 121102. Breakthrough Listen said:

The observations also show for the first time that FRBs emit at higher frequencies (with the brightest emission occurring at around 7 GHz) than previously observed. The extraordinary capabilities of the Listen backend, which is able to record several gigahertz of bandwidth at a time, split into billions of individual channels, enable a new view of the frequency spectrum of FRBs, and should shed additional light on the processes giving rise to FRB emission.

Breakthrough Listen pointed out that – when the recently-detected pulses left their host galaxy – our own solar system was just 2 billion years old. Life on Earth consisted of only single-celled organisms, and it would be another billion years before even the simplest multi-cellular life began to evolve.

A sequence of 14 of the 15 fast radio bursts from FRB 121102. The streaks across the colored energy plot are the bursts appearing at different times and different energies because of dispersion caused by 3 billion years of travel through intergalactic space. The bursts were captured in a broad bandwidth via the Breakthrough Listen backend instrument at the Green Bank Telescope. Image via Berkeley News.

Bottom line: Breakthrough Listen – an initiative to find signs of intelligent life in the universe – reports 15 new fast radio bursts from the mysterious distant galaxy FRB 121102. The observations were made using the new Breakthrough Listen backend instrument at the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia.



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Milky Way over Cape Hatteras lighthouse



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News digest – CAR T cells, nanomachines, vaping in teens and… selfies diagnosing cancer?

  • A medical milestone was reached this week as the US approved CAR T cell therapy for a small number of children and young adults with a particular type of leukaemia. The go-ahead for the new treatment, which engineers a patient’s own immune cells to fight cancer, was widely reported.
  • The Government announced plans to pour £146 million into the life sciences sector, says the BBC and PharmaTimes. The new funds aim to accelerate the discovery of new medicines, and there will also be a focus on finding ways to detect cancer earlier, as we reported.
  • Our researchers in Glasgow found a new way of killing cancer cells in the lab, reports the Mail Online and Express. The newly discovered process, which involves the immune system, has the potential to be more effective at getting rid of cancer cells as well as generating fewer side effects, according to the researchers. The next step is to see if it works in mice.
  • The majority of teens who experiment with vaping don’t normally keep it up, says the Guardian and The Telegraph. We also covered the study that looked at e-cigarette use in 11 – 16 year olds.
  • Our physicists in Cambridge have used their knowledge of light and sound to capture images of prostate cancers in mice in new detail. The Express ran the story, we also blogged about the research, and the scientists behind the discovery explain more in this video.
  • Watch our physicists in Cambridge discuss their new paper on YouTube
  • Scientists in Durham have invented nanomachines that can drill holes into cancer cells in a dish and kill them, according to the Telegraph. The team now need to see if these tiny molecules work in animals with cancer.
  • The latest study looking at fruit and veg consumption claims that eating three or four portions a day may be enough to stay healthy. The Guardian says this new estimate is good for those in low and middle income countries where people struggle to afford the recommended five portions. But, when it comes to fruit and veg, the more the better, so this isn’t your cue to cut down.

Number of the week

475,000

The cost in dollars of one dose of CAR T cell therapy

  • The Sun warned readers that not all skin cancers start in existing moles. They report that as well as keeping old moles in check, it’s good to pay attention to new ones that crop up. Here are our top tips on how to enjoy the sun safely.
  • Statins and cancer were in the headlines again, after a new study led to claims that the cholesterol lowering drugs might reduce the risk of breast cancer. But the unpublished study behind the reports didn’t test the effect of statins on breast cancer risk, and there isn’t good evidence to suggest that taking this type of drug reduces the risk of cancer.
  • We covered a team of scientists in the US who have developed experimental models for 12 types of childhood cancer and given the information to the scientific community for free. The hope is that these models can be used by other scientists to test out new cancer drugs for children, speeding up progress.
  • The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) said the breast cancer drug fulvestrant wasn’t cost effective for NHS use due to lack of evidence that it extended lives. But the Mail Online says experts believe the drug can stall the disease for up to three months. We also reported on this.
  • STAT News looked at why discussions around palliative and end-of-life care are so important, particularly in the age of immunotherapy. And a year on from a data report on cancer deaths 30 days after chemotherapy, we found that one hospital in England is starting those conversations earlier.

    And finally

  • An app caused a stir this week as claims were made it could spot early signs of pancreatic cancer. By using a smartphone camera to take pictures of the whites of the eyes, the app is said to measure bilirubin levels responsible for giving people jaundice, which can also be a sign of pancreatic cancer. While a ‘selfie’ diagnosis sounds convenient, the tech would need to go through rigorous clinical trials before we’ll know if it can spot the disease, especially because jaundice can also be a sign of many other health conditions.

Gabi



from Cancer Research UK – Science blog http://ift.tt/2gyVSJa
  • A medical milestone was reached this week as the US approved CAR T cell therapy for a small number of children and young adults with a particular type of leukaemia. The go-ahead for the new treatment, which engineers a patient’s own immune cells to fight cancer, was widely reported.
  • The Government announced plans to pour £146 million into the life sciences sector, says the BBC and PharmaTimes. The new funds aim to accelerate the discovery of new medicines, and there will also be a focus on finding ways to detect cancer earlier, as we reported.
  • Our researchers in Glasgow found a new way of killing cancer cells in the lab, reports the Mail Online and Express. The newly discovered process, which involves the immune system, has the potential to be more effective at getting rid of cancer cells as well as generating fewer side effects, according to the researchers. The next step is to see if it works in mice.
  • The majority of teens who experiment with vaping don’t normally keep it up, says the Guardian and The Telegraph. We also covered the study that looked at e-cigarette use in 11 – 16 year olds.
  • Our physicists in Cambridge have used their knowledge of light and sound to capture images of prostate cancers in mice in new detail. The Express ran the story, we also blogged about the research, and the scientists behind the discovery explain more in this video.
  • Watch our physicists in Cambridge discuss their new paper on YouTube
  • Scientists in Durham have invented nanomachines that can drill holes into cancer cells in a dish and kill them, according to the Telegraph. The team now need to see if these tiny molecules work in animals with cancer.
  • The latest study looking at fruit and veg consumption claims that eating three or four portions a day may be enough to stay healthy. The Guardian says this new estimate is good for those in low and middle income countries where people struggle to afford the recommended five portions. But, when it comes to fruit and veg, the more the better, so this isn’t your cue to cut down.

Number of the week

475,000

The cost in dollars of one dose of CAR T cell therapy

  • The Sun warned readers that not all skin cancers start in existing moles. They report that as well as keeping old moles in check, it’s good to pay attention to new ones that crop up. Here are our top tips on how to enjoy the sun safely.
  • Statins and cancer were in the headlines again, after a new study led to claims that the cholesterol lowering drugs might reduce the risk of breast cancer. But the unpublished study behind the reports didn’t test the effect of statins on breast cancer risk, and there isn’t good evidence to suggest that taking this type of drug reduces the risk of cancer.
  • We covered a team of scientists in the US who have developed experimental models for 12 types of childhood cancer and given the information to the scientific community for free. The hope is that these models can be used by other scientists to test out new cancer drugs for children, speeding up progress.
  • The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) said the breast cancer drug fulvestrant wasn’t cost effective for NHS use due to lack of evidence that it extended lives. But the Mail Online says experts believe the drug can stall the disease for up to three months. We also reported on this.
  • STAT News looked at why discussions around palliative and end-of-life care are so important, particularly in the age of immunotherapy. And a year on from a data report on cancer deaths 30 days after chemotherapy, we found that one hospital in England is starting those conversations earlier.

    And finally

  • An app caused a stir this week as claims were made it could spot early signs of pancreatic cancer. By using a smartphone camera to take pictures of the whites of the eyes, the app is said to measure bilirubin levels responsible for giving people jaundice, which can also be a sign of pancreatic cancer. While a ‘selfie’ diagnosis sounds convenient, the tech would need to go through rigorous clinical trials before we’ll know if it can spot the disease, especially because jaundice can also be a sign of many other health conditions.

Gabi



from Cancer Research UK – Science blog http://ift.tt/2gyVSJa

Before dawn, Orion the Hunter

Mike wrote:

I noticed on your site that Orion returned to the predawn sky in late July. You called it the ‘ghost of the summer dawn.’ Due to cloudy skies and other conditions, I was not able to see it until August 6. When will Orion return to the evening sky?

Mike, Orion the Hunter is always behind the sun as seen from Earth in June. It comes back to the predawn sky every year in late July. By early September, Orion is rising in the wee hours and is well up in the southeast an hour before dawn, as shown on today’s chart.

Orion will soon be up by midnight, then 10 p.m. … and by December you’ll find it rising in early evening.

There’s nothing unusual about Orion’s shift from the predawn to the evening sky. This constellation is simply following the westward shift of all the stars, caused by Earth’s orbit around the sun. As we orbit the sun, our night sky points toward an ever-changing panorama of the Milky Way galaxy. Our orbit causes all the stars to rise approximately 4 minutes earlier each day.

Constellation Orion rising behind the rooftops of a village in East Java, Indonesia, via Martin Marthadinata. In this photo, the star Sirius isn't visible ... but you can see that Orion itself has some bright stars, plus its prominent Belt of 3 stars.

Martin Marthadinata in East Java, Indonesia, caught this photo on September 11, 2016. It’s Orion rising behind the rooftops. Notice Orion’s Belt of 3 stars.

Bottom line: If you’re an early riser, look to the southeast and spot Orion the Hunter roaming the September predawn sky.

Help support EarthSky! Visit the EarthSky store for to see the great selection of educational tools and team gear we have to offer.

There are some great astronomy events this weekend. Check to see if there’s one in your area.



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1Q5C725

Mike wrote:

I noticed on your site that Orion returned to the predawn sky in late July. You called it the ‘ghost of the summer dawn.’ Due to cloudy skies and other conditions, I was not able to see it until August 6. When will Orion return to the evening sky?

Mike, Orion the Hunter is always behind the sun as seen from Earth in June. It comes back to the predawn sky every year in late July. By early September, Orion is rising in the wee hours and is well up in the southeast an hour before dawn, as shown on today’s chart.

Orion will soon be up by midnight, then 10 p.m. … and by December you’ll find it rising in early evening.

There’s nothing unusual about Orion’s shift from the predawn to the evening sky. This constellation is simply following the westward shift of all the stars, caused by Earth’s orbit around the sun. As we orbit the sun, our night sky points toward an ever-changing panorama of the Milky Way galaxy. Our orbit causes all the stars to rise approximately 4 minutes earlier each day.

Constellation Orion rising behind the rooftops of a village in East Java, Indonesia, via Martin Marthadinata. In this photo, the star Sirius isn't visible ... but you can see that Orion itself has some bright stars, plus its prominent Belt of 3 stars.

Martin Marthadinata in East Java, Indonesia, caught this photo on September 11, 2016. It’s Orion rising behind the rooftops. Notice Orion’s Belt of 3 stars.

Bottom line: If you’re an early riser, look to the southeast and spot Orion the Hunter roaming the September predawn sky.

Help support EarthSky! Visit the EarthSky store for to see the great selection of educational tools and team gear we have to offer.

There are some great astronomy events this weekend. Check to see if there’s one in your area.



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1Q5C725