The annals of “I’m not antivaccine,” part 16: Felonious assault, deadly ordnance, and “vaccine violence,” oh, my! [Respectful Insolence]

If there’s one thing that will annoy an antivaccinationist, it’s to call her what she is: Antivaccine. While it’s true, as I’ve pointed out on numerous occasions, that there are some antivaccinationists who are antivaccine and proud, unabashedly proclaiming themselves antivaccine and making no bones about it, the vast majority of antivaccinationists deny they are antivaccine. They frequently retort that they are “not antivaccine” but rather “pro-vaccine safety” or some such dodge. Most recently, we’ve seen this tack taken by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. (and, of course, Bill Maher) himself, the man whose unhinged conspiracy mongering screed was my “gateway” to noticing and deconstructing antivaccine beliefs nearly a decade ago. it’s a refrain I first noticed in a big way when the celebrity face of the antivaccine movement, Jenny McCarthy herself, started using it. Whenever I start hearing that “I’m not antivaccine” refrain, I like to dig up examples of rhetoric from the antivaccine movement to put the lie to that claim. Of course, “dig up” is probably the wrong term; I rarely have to look far, and so it was this time..

Mike Adams let it rip, possibly surpassing even what I thought to be the most vile analogy every made about vaccines. It was by an Marcella Piper-Terry, comparing vaccination to rape. True, it could be argued that comparisons to the Holocaust are worse, but let’s just say it’s a tossup. Not surprisingly, Mikey’s latest rants are in response to California bill SB 277, which is a bill currently wending its way through the California Senate that would eliminate nonmedical exemptions to school vaccine mandates. Of course, any attempt to make school vaccine mandates harder to obtain causes the antivaccine movement to go into paroxysms of Holocaust analogies, complete with images of jackbooted fascists knocking on parents’ doors in the middle of the night, syringes in hand, to throw the parents aside and vaccinate their children forcibly.

Coming back to the rape analogy, that’s where Adams goes with a post entitled Progressive lawmakers in California violate women’s rights with SB 277; children to be physically violated by government without parental consent and SB 277 will unleash “medical civil war” in California as parents demand doctors be arrested for felony assault. The level of paranoia in these screeds is truly beyond belief; that is, unless you’ve never encountered Adams before. Actually, the spin Adams tries to put on this is to make “vaccine choice” a matter of women’s rights:

Seriously, this is stupid even by Mike Adams standards. Here’s a taste of the written version, but to experience the full stupidity, you really need to watch the video:

California lawmakers pushing the mandatory vaccine initiative SB 277 are almost all Democrats. These are the same people who defiantly defend the right of “a woman’s choice” to decide the issue of abortion. We are repeatedly told that abortion is the woman’s choice alone, and that no government, no man and no doctor can force a woman to do something with her body against her will.

This also holds true with the issue of sexual encounters, where we are frequently reminded that NO means NO. If the woman doesn’t consent, then it’s called rape. So what do you call a forced medical intervention that physically violates a woman’s body against her wishes? “Medical rape” doesn’t seem quite appropriate. There must be a more poignant term for it.

Do you see the the problem with this analogy? It’s incredibly obvious. SB 277 has nothing to do with forcing women to receive vaccinations they don’t want. There’s nothing in the bill that would do that, nor is there anything any pro-vaccine advocate proposes that would compel an adult woman (or man) to be vaccinated against her (or his) will. That’s not what school vaccine mandates are about. None of this stops Adams from going full mental jacket antivax on the video, ranting about “toxins” and “formaldehyde” while referring to vaccines “maiming” children and implying that the government will require pregnant women to be vaccinated, thus causing all sorts of birth defects. His antivaccine dog whistles are whistling to the point that even mere humans can hear them behind Adams’ cries of “choice,” “human dignity,” “civil rights,” and “human freedom.”

There’s another aspect of Adams’ truly silly analogy here that might not be obvious on the surface. Adams goes on and on about the supposed disconnect between what liberals believe about women when it comes to reproductive choice and giving consent to sex, as well as its anti-corporatism, to what he describes as their advocacy of giving corporations the power to “violate” women with “forced vaccination.” Think about the assumption behind this whole line of “reasoning” (if you can call it that). The only assumption that makes this argument coherent (if you can call it that and even then it’s still wrong on many other levels) is if you assume that the child is an extension of the woman’s body. Thus, “violating” the child by “forced vaccination” is violating the woman. It’s hard not to look at it any other way.

Indeed, Adams seems to be doing Rand Paul even one better. Remember how Rand Paul, interrupting a female reporter’s question about his stance on school vaccine mandates, said, “The state doesn’t own the children. Parents own the children, and it is an issue of freedom.” Here, Adams seems to be saying that children aren’t even property. They’re just extension of the woman’s body.

Either that, or Adams thinks his audience is too stupid not to discern the difference between forcing an adult woman to be vaccinated (which is not what is being considered, given that every adult has the right to refuse any medical intervention and no one—I mean, no one—is questioning that) and requiring a child to be vaccinated before she can attend school. It could easily be either—or both.

Adams tries to make hay out of claiming that “injection without consent is a violation of the American Medical Association’s code of ethics:

A mandatory vaccination policy — forced vaccination of unwilling recipients — is, by definition, a medical intervention carried out without the consent of the patient or the patient’s parents. This directly violates the very clear language in the Informed Consent section of the AMA Code of Medical Ethics which states:

The patient should make his or her own determination about treatment… Informed consent is a basic policy in both ethics and law that physicians must honor, unless the patient is unconscious or otherwise incapable of consenting and harm from failure to treat is imminent.

The AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics statement is very clear: “physicians must honor” the policy of informed consent. In fact, the AMA describes this as “a basic policy in both ethics and law” and only makes exception if the patient “is unconscious” or if harm from failure to treat “is imminent.”

Except that, again, this is not “forced” vaccination. Parents can still refuse to vaccinate their children. However, if they do so, then they must realize that there will be consequences flowing from that decision. Children attending school have a right to a safe school environment, and unvaccinated children endanger that environment by making outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease more likely. Questions like this always boil down to a question of balancing individual rights versus the good of society. Also in the mix is the right of the child to proper medical care, particularly preventative care like vaccines, a right that people like Rand Paul and Mike Adams dismiss completely. To them, the child is nothing more than a possession or extension of the parents.

In any case, as Dorit Reiss explains, the doctrine of informed consent does not trump public health mandates and potential tort liability:

Does the Doctrine of Informed Consent Trump Public Health Mandates and Potential Tort Liability?

To repeat, the short answer is no. First, public health regulation always imposes some burden on the exercise of autonomy. Second, one may have both the private right to informed consent before vaccination and the public health obligation to be vaccinated. And the existence of the doctrine of informed consent does not mean there will be no other consequences to the informed decision that one makes.

And:

Since the famous case of Jacobson v. Massachusetts, states have had wide powers to regulate for the public health – and, more particularly, impose immunization requirements – even at some cost to individual rights. Note that even Jacobson acknowledged that individual rights are not absolute. Laws passed by the states in this context must meet constitutional standards. For example, most scholars see Jacobson as constitutionally requiring that a state allow a medical exemption to immunization requirements.

But as long as they meet constitutional requirements, states may legislate or regulate to protect the public health. The requirements they put in place are not inconsistent with and do not violate informed consent. For example, quarantine laws are extremely coercive, imposing very strong limits on private autonomy – but they are constitutional, and no, they do not violate informed consent (pdf), either. Nor do school immunization requirements – even those without non-medical exemptions.

In other words, Adams’ argument, as you might imagine, is a smokescreen without any basis in law or a compelling basis in ethics. Not that this stops Adams from predicting a “medical civil war” in which parents will demand that doctors be arrested for felony assault. Now, I’m not a lawyer, nor do I even play one in the blogosphere, but even I recognize Adams’ legal reasoning as being—shall we say?—fantasy-based. He uses as part of his basis a law in Ohio that allows charging an HIV-positive person with “felonious assault” for having sex with someone without informing him or her of that positive HIV status, which makes me wonder why the same law doesn’t include people with hepatitis B or C, both of which are also potentially deadly diseases and far more likely to be transmitted in a single act of sexual intercourse than HIV. Adams also cites federal law:

According to federal law enforcement, a needle is categorized as a “weapon” in the context of a physical assault. For example, if you were to acquire the blood of an HIV-positive person, fill a syringe with it, then assault someone with that needle, you would not only be charged with a felony assault, but an assault with a deadly weapon (the needle).

Under Ohio law, for example, it is explained as: “…causing or attempting to cause serious harm with a deadly weapon or a firearm — referred to in the Ohio statutes as a ‘dangerous ordnance.'”

When administered without consent, a vaccine injection is a physical violation of a human body. The substance contained in the vaccine is provably harmful and, in some cases, even deadly. Under Ohio sentencing guidelines, an individual forcing a vaccination upon someone without their consent would be committing a “felonious assault with dangerous ordnance.”

Excuse me. I can’t go on; I need a break. I’m laughing too hard as I read the above passage again.

OK, I’m fine again.

Talk about some mental contortions! See Mikey shamelessly mix federal and state law (of a single state, yet) to come up with a new legal “theory” that lets him label vaccination as a “felonious assault with dangerous ordnance”! The rest of what flows from Adams’ assumptions is simply too dumb to be real, except that I know it is real, because Mike Adams is capable of such depths. Read his rationale for how doctors committing “vaccine violence” against children would earn 41 months in federal prison (or more). But be prepared. Steel yourself. If you have any critical thinking skills, knowledge of vaccines, and even a rudimentary knowledge of the law on par with what many educated people do, you will have a headache from tightly clenched teeth, which will lose some enamel from grinding. It all depends upon Adams’ considering needles on syringes containing vaccines as needles “containing a potentially dangerous substance” and such needles are considered a “dangerous weapon” by all law enforcement organizations. Based on this speculation, Adams cranks the crazy up to 11 and writes:

Under both federal and state law, parents who believe their children face the risk of imminent harm from a violent attack upon their bodies have every right to call 911 and request armed police officers come to their defense to stop the assault and arrest those attempting to commit those acts of violence.

I am now publicly predicting that, should SB 277 be signed into law, we will see a wave of California parents calling 911 to report their doctors while demanding the government press felony assault charges against medical personnel engaged in vaccine violence.

The sad thing is, I have no doubt that, should SB 277 pass (something that is still going to require a battle), there will be an antivaccinationist or two (or maybe even three) who will try what Adams suggests. My counter-prediction is that any police called for such a purpose will not take it seriously, to put it mildly. I can picture the 911 operator silently laughing and pointing at her headset, as if to say, “Get a load of this loon!” Even Adams seems to recognize that, predicting that the police won’t arrest the doctor or nurse giving the vaccine, but still asserts that “parents will retain the right of CIVIL prosecution of those doctors for violating their civil rights.” Yes, I’d love to see someone try that argument in front of a judge. The entertainment value would be enormous.

Meanwhile, the “not anti-vaccine” minion at the antivaccine crank blog Age of Autism, Ken Heckenlively, wonders when they’ll “start shooting antivaxxers.”

Coming back to the frequent clutching of pearls exhibited by antivaccinationists in response to being called “antivaccine,” it’s hard to take them seriously when, to them, seemingly vaccination is the Holocaust. It’s the Oklahoma City bombing. It’s Auschwitz (complete with Dr. Josef Mengele’s horrific experiments), before which antivaccinationists view themselves as much victims as Jews in Germany during the Nazi regime. It’s Stalin. It’s the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. It’s a tsunami washing away everything before it.

And it’s a “violation” (i.e., rape) too.

And now it’s felonious assault, violence, an attack worthy of calling the police over. Adams might be what I like to colloquially call batshit crazy, but his rhetoric is useful because it tends to be the same as that of other antivaccinationists, just with the conspiracy mongering an crazy turned up to 11. If you look at others, you’ll find echoes of the same sort of rhetoric. Rare is the case when I see anyone on the “antivaccine” side publicly call out rhetoric like this, even when someone like Mike Adams likens vaccines to the Holocaust, sexual assault, human trafficking, or felonious assault. It is worth repeating that the reason, I suspect, is because most antivaccinationists are at least sympathetic to such analogies but don’t use them publicly because they know how inflammatory and despicably ridiculous those not steeped in the false victimhood of the antivaccine cult find them. Perhaps next time I will provide more examples, this time from antivaccine physicians, some of whom we’ve met before. After all, even a seemingly “mainstream” (in the antivaccine movement) group like the Autism Media Channel refers to “vaccine violence.”



from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/1DMnCta

If there’s one thing that will annoy an antivaccinationist, it’s to call her what she is: Antivaccine. While it’s true, as I’ve pointed out on numerous occasions, that there are some antivaccinationists who are antivaccine and proud, unabashedly proclaiming themselves antivaccine and making no bones about it, the vast majority of antivaccinationists deny they are antivaccine. They frequently retort that they are “not antivaccine” but rather “pro-vaccine safety” or some such dodge. Most recently, we’ve seen this tack taken by Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. (and, of course, Bill Maher) himself, the man whose unhinged conspiracy mongering screed was my “gateway” to noticing and deconstructing antivaccine beliefs nearly a decade ago. it’s a refrain I first noticed in a big way when the celebrity face of the antivaccine movement, Jenny McCarthy herself, started using it. Whenever I start hearing that “I’m not antivaccine” refrain, I like to dig up examples of rhetoric from the antivaccine movement to put the lie to that claim. Of course, “dig up” is probably the wrong term; I rarely have to look far, and so it was this time..

Mike Adams let it rip, possibly surpassing even what I thought to be the most vile analogy every made about vaccines. It was by an Marcella Piper-Terry, comparing vaccination to rape. True, it could be argued that comparisons to the Holocaust are worse, but let’s just say it’s a tossup. Not surprisingly, Mikey’s latest rants are in response to California bill SB 277, which is a bill currently wending its way through the California Senate that would eliminate nonmedical exemptions to school vaccine mandates. Of course, any attempt to make school vaccine mandates harder to obtain causes the antivaccine movement to go into paroxysms of Holocaust analogies, complete with images of jackbooted fascists knocking on parents’ doors in the middle of the night, syringes in hand, to throw the parents aside and vaccinate their children forcibly.

Coming back to the rape analogy, that’s where Adams goes with a post entitled Progressive lawmakers in California violate women’s rights with SB 277; children to be physically violated by government without parental consent and SB 277 will unleash “medical civil war” in California as parents demand doctors be arrested for felony assault. The level of paranoia in these screeds is truly beyond belief; that is, unless you’ve never encountered Adams before. Actually, the spin Adams tries to put on this is to make “vaccine choice” a matter of women’s rights:

Seriously, this is stupid even by Mike Adams standards. Here’s a taste of the written version, but to experience the full stupidity, you really need to watch the video:

California lawmakers pushing the mandatory vaccine initiative SB 277 are almost all Democrats. These are the same people who defiantly defend the right of “a woman’s choice” to decide the issue of abortion. We are repeatedly told that abortion is the woman’s choice alone, and that no government, no man and no doctor can force a woman to do something with her body against her will.

This also holds true with the issue of sexual encounters, where we are frequently reminded that NO means NO. If the woman doesn’t consent, then it’s called rape. So what do you call a forced medical intervention that physically violates a woman’s body against her wishes? “Medical rape” doesn’t seem quite appropriate. There must be a more poignant term for it.

Do you see the the problem with this analogy? It’s incredibly obvious. SB 277 has nothing to do with forcing women to receive vaccinations they don’t want. There’s nothing in the bill that would do that, nor is there anything any pro-vaccine advocate proposes that would compel an adult woman (or man) to be vaccinated against her (or his) will. That’s not what school vaccine mandates are about. None of this stops Adams from going full mental jacket antivax on the video, ranting about “toxins” and “formaldehyde” while referring to vaccines “maiming” children and implying that the government will require pregnant women to be vaccinated, thus causing all sorts of birth defects. His antivaccine dog whistles are whistling to the point that even mere humans can hear them behind Adams’ cries of “choice,” “human dignity,” “civil rights,” and “human freedom.”

There’s another aspect of Adams’ truly silly analogy here that might not be obvious on the surface. Adams goes on and on about the supposed disconnect between what liberals believe about women when it comes to reproductive choice and giving consent to sex, as well as its anti-corporatism, to what he describes as their advocacy of giving corporations the power to “violate” women with “forced vaccination.” Think about the assumption behind this whole line of “reasoning” (if you can call it that). The only assumption that makes this argument coherent (if you can call it that and even then it’s still wrong on many other levels) is if you assume that the child is an extension of the woman’s body. Thus, “violating” the child by “forced vaccination” is violating the woman. It’s hard not to look at it any other way.

Indeed, Adams seems to be doing Rand Paul even one better. Remember how Rand Paul, interrupting a female reporter’s question about his stance on school vaccine mandates, said, “The state doesn’t own the children. Parents own the children, and it is an issue of freedom.” Here, Adams seems to be saying that children aren’t even property. They’re just extension of the woman’s body.

Either that, or Adams thinks his audience is too stupid not to discern the difference between forcing an adult woman to be vaccinated (which is not what is being considered, given that every adult has the right to refuse any medical intervention and no one—I mean, no one—is questioning that) and requiring a child to be vaccinated before she can attend school. It could easily be either—or both.

Adams tries to make hay out of claiming that “injection without consent is a violation of the American Medical Association’s code of ethics:

A mandatory vaccination policy — forced vaccination of unwilling recipients — is, by definition, a medical intervention carried out without the consent of the patient or the patient’s parents. This directly violates the very clear language in the Informed Consent section of the AMA Code of Medical Ethics which states:

The patient should make his or her own determination about treatment… Informed consent is a basic policy in both ethics and law that physicians must honor, unless the patient is unconscious or otherwise incapable of consenting and harm from failure to treat is imminent.

The AMA’s Code of Medical Ethics statement is very clear: “physicians must honor” the policy of informed consent. In fact, the AMA describes this as “a basic policy in both ethics and law” and only makes exception if the patient “is unconscious” or if harm from failure to treat “is imminent.”

Except that, again, this is not “forced” vaccination. Parents can still refuse to vaccinate their children. However, if they do so, then they must realize that there will be consequences flowing from that decision. Children attending school have a right to a safe school environment, and unvaccinated children endanger that environment by making outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease more likely. Questions like this always boil down to a question of balancing individual rights versus the good of society. Also in the mix is the right of the child to proper medical care, particularly preventative care like vaccines, a right that people like Rand Paul and Mike Adams dismiss completely. To them, the child is nothing more than a possession or extension of the parents.

In any case, as Dorit Reiss explains, the doctrine of informed consent does not trump public health mandates and potential tort liability:

Does the Doctrine of Informed Consent Trump Public Health Mandates and Potential Tort Liability?

To repeat, the short answer is no. First, public health regulation always imposes some burden on the exercise of autonomy. Second, one may have both the private right to informed consent before vaccination and the public health obligation to be vaccinated. And the existence of the doctrine of informed consent does not mean there will be no other consequences to the informed decision that one makes.

And:

Since the famous case of Jacobson v. Massachusetts, states have had wide powers to regulate for the public health – and, more particularly, impose immunization requirements – even at some cost to individual rights. Note that even Jacobson acknowledged that individual rights are not absolute. Laws passed by the states in this context must meet constitutional standards. For example, most scholars see Jacobson as constitutionally requiring that a state allow a medical exemption to immunization requirements.

But as long as they meet constitutional requirements, states may legislate or regulate to protect the public health. The requirements they put in place are not inconsistent with and do not violate informed consent. For example, quarantine laws are extremely coercive, imposing very strong limits on private autonomy – but they are constitutional, and no, they do not violate informed consent (pdf), either. Nor do school immunization requirements – even those without non-medical exemptions.

In other words, Adams’ argument, as you might imagine, is a smokescreen without any basis in law or a compelling basis in ethics. Not that this stops Adams from predicting a “medical civil war” in which parents will demand that doctors be arrested for felony assault. Now, I’m not a lawyer, nor do I even play one in the blogosphere, but even I recognize Adams’ legal reasoning as being—shall we say?—fantasy-based. He uses as part of his basis a law in Ohio that allows charging an HIV-positive person with “felonious assault” for having sex with someone without informing him or her of that positive HIV status, which makes me wonder why the same law doesn’t include people with hepatitis B or C, both of which are also potentially deadly diseases and far more likely to be transmitted in a single act of sexual intercourse than HIV. Adams also cites federal law:

According to federal law enforcement, a needle is categorized as a “weapon” in the context of a physical assault. For example, if you were to acquire the blood of an HIV-positive person, fill a syringe with it, then assault someone with that needle, you would not only be charged with a felony assault, but an assault with a deadly weapon (the needle).

Under Ohio law, for example, it is explained as: “…causing or attempting to cause serious harm with a deadly weapon or a firearm — referred to in the Ohio statutes as a ‘dangerous ordnance.'”

When administered without consent, a vaccine injection is a physical violation of a human body. The substance contained in the vaccine is provably harmful and, in some cases, even deadly. Under Ohio sentencing guidelines, an individual forcing a vaccination upon someone without their consent would be committing a “felonious assault with dangerous ordnance.”

Excuse me. I can’t go on; I need a break. I’m laughing too hard as I read the above passage again.

OK, I’m fine again.

Talk about some mental contortions! See Mikey shamelessly mix federal and state law (of a single state, yet) to come up with a new legal “theory” that lets him label vaccination as a “felonious assault with dangerous ordnance”! The rest of what flows from Adams’ assumptions is simply too dumb to be real, except that I know it is real, because Mike Adams is capable of such depths. Read his rationale for how doctors committing “vaccine violence” against children would earn 41 months in federal prison (or more). But be prepared. Steel yourself. If you have any critical thinking skills, knowledge of vaccines, and even a rudimentary knowledge of the law on par with what many educated people do, you will have a headache from tightly clenched teeth, which will lose some enamel from grinding. It all depends upon Adams’ considering needles on syringes containing vaccines as needles “containing a potentially dangerous substance” and such needles are considered a “dangerous weapon” by all law enforcement organizations. Based on this speculation, Adams cranks the crazy up to 11 and writes:

Under both federal and state law, parents who believe their children face the risk of imminent harm from a violent attack upon their bodies have every right to call 911 and request armed police officers come to their defense to stop the assault and arrest those attempting to commit those acts of violence.

I am now publicly predicting that, should SB 277 be signed into law, we will see a wave of California parents calling 911 to report their doctors while demanding the government press felony assault charges against medical personnel engaged in vaccine violence.

The sad thing is, I have no doubt that, should SB 277 pass (something that is still going to require a battle), there will be an antivaccinationist or two (or maybe even three) who will try what Adams suggests. My counter-prediction is that any police called for such a purpose will not take it seriously, to put it mildly. I can picture the 911 operator silently laughing and pointing at her headset, as if to say, “Get a load of this loon!” Even Adams seems to recognize that, predicting that the police won’t arrest the doctor or nurse giving the vaccine, but still asserts that “parents will retain the right of CIVIL prosecution of those doctors for violating their civil rights.” Yes, I’d love to see someone try that argument in front of a judge. The entertainment value would be enormous.

Meanwhile, the “not anti-vaccine” minion at the antivaccine crank blog Age of Autism, Ken Heckenlively, wonders when they’ll “start shooting antivaxxers.”

Coming back to the frequent clutching of pearls exhibited by antivaccinationists in response to being called “antivaccine,” it’s hard to take them seriously when, to them, seemingly vaccination is the Holocaust. It’s the Oklahoma City bombing. It’s Auschwitz (complete with Dr. Josef Mengele’s horrific experiments), before which antivaccinationists view themselves as much victims as Jews in Germany during the Nazi regime. It’s Stalin. It’s the Tuskegee syphilis experiment. It’s a tsunami washing away everything before it.

And it’s a “violation” (i.e., rape) too.

And now it’s felonious assault, violence, an attack worthy of calling the police over. Adams might be what I like to colloquially call batshit crazy, but his rhetoric is useful because it tends to be the same as that of other antivaccinationists, just with the conspiracy mongering an crazy turned up to 11. If you look at others, you’ll find echoes of the same sort of rhetoric. Rare is the case when I see anyone on the “antivaccine” side publicly call out rhetoric like this, even when someone like Mike Adams likens vaccines to the Holocaust, sexual assault, human trafficking, or felonious assault. It is worth repeating that the reason, I suspect, is because most antivaccinationists are at least sympathetic to such analogies but don’t use them publicly because they know how inflammatory and despicably ridiculous those not steeped in the false victimhood of the antivaccine cult find them. Perhaps next time I will provide more examples, this time from antivaccine physicians, some of whom we’ve met before. After all, even a seemingly “mainstream” (in the antivaccine movement) group like the Autism Media Channel refers to “vaccine violence.”



from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/1DMnCta

Mercury and the Pleiades

View larger. | Mercury and the Pleiades on April 29, 2015 by Jack Webb.

View larger. | Mercury is just above the ridge in this photo, and the Pleiades is the little dipper-shaped star cluster above Mercury. Photo by Jack Webb.

Jack Webb in Wapiti, Wyoming captured this shot last night (April 29, 2015) of Mercury and the Pleiades, a tiny dipper-shaped star cluster also called the Seven Sisters. Congratulations, Jack!

Our sun’s innermost planet, Mercury, and the distant star cluster Pleiades are now low in the west after sunset. They’re just above the place where the sun went down. They are easier to see from the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern, because the ecliptic – or path of the sun, moon and planets – makes a steep angle now with the western horizon in the evening. The steep angle of the ecliptic (from Northern Hemisphere locations) places Mercury above the sunset glare.

Look for them early, because Mercury and the Pleiades will sink below the western horizon by nightfall or early evening. They are beautiful. You will love seeing them!

Read more about Mercury and the Pleiades

An imaginary line from the planet Jupiter and through the planet Venus helps you to locate the planet Mercury near the horizon. The green line depicts the ecliptic

An imaginary line from the bright planet Jupiter and through the even-brighter planet Venus helps you to locate the planet Mercury near the horizon. Be sure to look early because Mercury will soon follow the sun below the western horizon. The green line depicts the ecliptic. The dipper-shaped Pleiades will be near Mercury.

Bottom line: The elusive planet Mercury and the lovely Seven Sisters low in the west after sunset. Photo by Jack Webb.



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1AkdczE
View larger. | Mercury and the Pleiades on April 29, 2015 by Jack Webb.

View larger. | Mercury is just above the ridge in this photo, and the Pleiades is the little dipper-shaped star cluster above Mercury. Photo by Jack Webb.

Jack Webb in Wapiti, Wyoming captured this shot last night (April 29, 2015) of Mercury and the Pleiades, a tiny dipper-shaped star cluster also called the Seven Sisters. Congratulations, Jack!

Our sun’s innermost planet, Mercury, and the distant star cluster Pleiades are now low in the west after sunset. They’re just above the place where the sun went down. They are easier to see from the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern, because the ecliptic – or path of the sun, moon and planets – makes a steep angle now with the western horizon in the evening. The steep angle of the ecliptic (from Northern Hemisphere locations) places Mercury above the sunset glare.

Look for them early, because Mercury and the Pleiades will sink below the western horizon by nightfall or early evening. They are beautiful. You will love seeing them!

Read more about Mercury and the Pleiades

An imaginary line from the planet Jupiter and through the planet Venus helps you to locate the planet Mercury near the horizon. The green line depicts the ecliptic

An imaginary line from the bright planet Jupiter and through the even-brighter planet Venus helps you to locate the planet Mercury near the horizon. Be sure to look early because Mercury will soon follow the sun below the western horizon. The green line depicts the ecliptic. The dipper-shaped Pleiades will be near Mercury.

Bottom line: The elusive planet Mercury and the lovely Seven Sisters low in the west after sunset. Photo by Jack Webb.



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1AkdczE

Crescent comet

Crescent comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko Image via APOD/ ESA, Rosetta, NAVCAM/ processing by Giuseppe Conzo.

Crescent comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Image via APOD/ ESA, Rosetta, NAVCAM/ processing by Giuseppe Conzo.

This European Space Agency image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) yesterday (April 29, 2015). Isn’t it beautiful? It’s a crescent comet, in this case Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. We could not see the comet in this way if it weren’t for the fact that the Rosetta spacecraft has been orbiting it since last July. The spacecraft will follow the comet through its August, 2015 perihelion, or closest point to the sun. APOD wrote:

As the 3-km wide comet moves closer to the sun, heat causes the nucleus to expel gas and dust. The Rosetta spacecraft arrived at the comet’s craggily double nucleus last July and now is co-orbiting the sun with the giant dark iceberg. Recent analysis of data beamed back to Earth from the robotic Rosetta spacecraft has shown that water being expelled by 67P has a significant difference with water on Earth, indicating that Earth’s water could not have originated from ancient collisions with comets like 67P. Additionally, neither Rosetta nor its Philae lander detected a magnetic field around the comet nucleus, indicating that magnetism might have been unimportant in the evolution of the early solar system. Comet 67P, shown in a crescent phase in false color, should increase its evaporation rate as it nears its closest approach to the sun in August, 2015, when it reaches a sun distance just a bit further out than the Earth.



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1DY4GqK
Crescent comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko Image via APOD/ ESA, Rosetta, NAVCAM/ processing by Giuseppe Conzo.

Crescent comet 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Image via APOD/ ESA, Rosetta, NAVCAM/ processing by Giuseppe Conzo.

This European Space Agency image was the Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) yesterday (April 29, 2015). Isn’t it beautiful? It’s a crescent comet, in this case Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. We could not see the comet in this way if it weren’t for the fact that the Rosetta spacecraft has been orbiting it since last July. The spacecraft will follow the comet through its August, 2015 perihelion, or closest point to the sun. APOD wrote:

As the 3-km wide comet moves closer to the sun, heat causes the nucleus to expel gas and dust. The Rosetta spacecraft arrived at the comet’s craggily double nucleus last July and now is co-orbiting the sun with the giant dark iceberg. Recent analysis of data beamed back to Earth from the robotic Rosetta spacecraft has shown that water being expelled by 67P has a significant difference with water on Earth, indicating that Earth’s water could not have originated from ancient collisions with comets like 67P. Additionally, neither Rosetta nor its Philae lander detected a magnetic field around the comet nucleus, indicating that magnetism might have been unimportant in the evolution of the early solar system. Comet 67P, shown in a crescent phase in false color, should increase its evaporation rate as it nears its closest approach to the sun in August, 2015, when it reaches a sun distance just a bit further out than the Earth.



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1DY4GqK

Moon and Spica, Mercury and Pleiades, April 30

Tonight – April 30, 2015 – as evening dusk deepens into darkness, look westward to spot the planet Mercury with the Pleiades star cluster (chart below). Then look for the bright waxing gibbous moon, near to Spica, brightest light in the constellation Virgo (chart above). Follow the links below to learn more:

Seeing Mercury and the Pleiades

Seeing the moon and Spica

Donate: Your support means the world to us

On any evening in late April and early May, draw an imaginary line from Jupiter through Venus to spot Mercury near the horizon. The green line depicts the ecliptic

On any evening in late April and early May, draw an imaginary line from Jupiter through Venus to spot Mercury near the horizon. The green line depicts the ecliptic

View larger. | EarthSky Facebook friend Niko Powe in Kewanee, Illinois caught this photo on April 28, 2015. He wrote:

View larger. | EarthSky Facebook friend Niko Powe in Kewanee, Illinois caught this photo on April 28, 2015. He wrote: “Front row seats to this ALL-STAR line-UP in the western sky after sunset… and I FINALLY got a glimpse of Mercury!!!” Thanks and congrats, Niko! To all … notice that Orion’s Belt more or less points to Mercury.

Seeing Mercury and the Pleiades. Look for them early, because Mercury and the Pleiades will sink below the western horizon by nightfall or early evening (approximately 100 minutes after sunset at mid-northern latitudes). Not sure you’re seeing Mercury? Here’s a tip. As night falls, there are two very bright planets visible. Venus is brighter and closer to the western horizon. Jupiter is a bit fainter – but brighter than all the stars – and higher in the sky. Draw a line between Jupiter and Venus – aimed down toward the sunset point in the west – and Mercury should be there, assuming it hasn’t already set.

It helps to have an unobstructed horizon in the direction of sunset for spotting Mercury. Although this late April and early May evening apparition of Mercury counts as a favorable one for the Northern Hemisphere, the solar system’s innermost planet still looms close to the horizon and sits in the glare of evening twilight.

Binoculars may be helpful, especially for spotting the Pleiades star cluster – a dipper-shaped pattern – near Mercury now on the sky’s dome.

EarthSky astronomy kits are perfect for beginners. Order today from the EarthSky store

Seeing the moon and Spica. You’ll have plenty of time to catch the waxing gibbous moon and Spica, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo the Maiden, after dark. The moon and Spica will be out nearly all night long. They’ll set in the southwest sky in the wee hours before dawn.

The moon and Spica will move westward across the sky tonight for the same reason that the sun moves westward across the sky during the day. The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, making it appear as if the moon and Spica are moving westward while the Earth remains at rest. However, it’s really the Earth that’s doing the moving.

You can actually discern the moon’s true orbital motion by noting the moon’s change of position relative to Spica over the next few days. Each day, the moon moves an average of 13o eastward in front of the backdrop stars. The moon goes full circle through the constellations of the Zodiac in about 27 days.

Bottom line: As darkness falls on the evening of April 30, 2015, look first for Mercury and the Pleiades low in the western sky, and then for the moon and Spica in the southeast.

Enjoying EarthSky so far? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today!



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1DLYymi

Tonight – April 30, 2015 – as evening dusk deepens into darkness, look westward to spot the planet Mercury with the Pleiades star cluster (chart below). Then look for the bright waxing gibbous moon, near to Spica, brightest light in the constellation Virgo (chart above). Follow the links below to learn more:

Seeing Mercury and the Pleiades

Seeing the moon and Spica

Donate: Your support means the world to us

On any evening in late April and early May, draw an imaginary line from Jupiter through Venus to spot Mercury near the horizon. The green line depicts the ecliptic

On any evening in late April and early May, draw an imaginary line from Jupiter through Venus to spot Mercury near the horizon. The green line depicts the ecliptic

View larger. | EarthSky Facebook friend Niko Powe in Kewanee, Illinois caught this photo on April 28, 2015. He wrote:

View larger. | EarthSky Facebook friend Niko Powe in Kewanee, Illinois caught this photo on April 28, 2015. He wrote: “Front row seats to this ALL-STAR line-UP in the western sky after sunset… and I FINALLY got a glimpse of Mercury!!!” Thanks and congrats, Niko! To all … notice that Orion’s Belt more or less points to Mercury.

Seeing Mercury and the Pleiades. Look for them early, because Mercury and the Pleiades will sink below the western horizon by nightfall or early evening (approximately 100 minutes after sunset at mid-northern latitudes). Not sure you’re seeing Mercury? Here’s a tip. As night falls, there are two very bright planets visible. Venus is brighter and closer to the western horizon. Jupiter is a bit fainter – but brighter than all the stars – and higher in the sky. Draw a line between Jupiter and Venus – aimed down toward the sunset point in the west – and Mercury should be there, assuming it hasn’t already set.

It helps to have an unobstructed horizon in the direction of sunset for spotting Mercury. Although this late April and early May evening apparition of Mercury counts as a favorable one for the Northern Hemisphere, the solar system’s innermost planet still looms close to the horizon and sits in the glare of evening twilight.

Binoculars may be helpful, especially for spotting the Pleiades star cluster – a dipper-shaped pattern – near Mercury now on the sky’s dome.

EarthSky astronomy kits are perfect for beginners. Order today from the EarthSky store

Seeing the moon and Spica. You’ll have plenty of time to catch the waxing gibbous moon and Spica, the brightest star in the constellation Virgo the Maiden, after dark. The moon and Spica will be out nearly all night long. They’ll set in the southwest sky in the wee hours before dawn.

The moon and Spica will move westward across the sky tonight for the same reason that the sun moves westward across the sky during the day. The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, making it appear as if the moon and Spica are moving westward while the Earth remains at rest. However, it’s really the Earth that’s doing the moving.

You can actually discern the moon’s true orbital motion by noting the moon’s change of position relative to Spica over the next few days. Each day, the moon moves an average of 13o eastward in front of the backdrop stars. The moon goes full circle through the constellations of the Zodiac in about 27 days.

Bottom line: As darkness falls on the evening of April 30, 2015, look first for Mercury and the Pleiades low in the western sky, and then for the moon and Spica in the southeast.

Enjoying EarthSky so far? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today!



from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1DLYymi

Does California’s Agriculture Industry Need More Water Restrictions Due to the Drought?

Source: DoNow Science

Tags: , , , , ,


from QUEST http://ift.tt/1dv66Uj

Source: DoNow Science

Tags: , , , , ,


from QUEST http://ift.tt/1dv66Uj

Names and faces featured in Worker Memorial Day reports, new database [The Pump Handle]

I can’t help but contrast last week’s release by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of workplace fatality data,with the reports issued this week by community groups to commemorate International Workers’ Memorial Day (WMD). BLS gave us the sterile number: 4,585. That’s the government’s official, final tally of the number of work-related fatal injuries that occurred in the US in 2013.

But groups in Tennessee, Massachusetts, and elsewhere have already assembled workplace fatality data for 2014. Better than that, they’ve affixed names and stories to the numbers. The information comes in the form of WMD reports and an open-access database of work-related fatalities occurring in the US during 2014, with names and ages of the victims whenever possible. First to the reports:

I worked, for example, with colleagues and we identified by name 62 workers from the Houston, TX area who died in 2014 from fatal work-related injuries. Our 23-page report lists their names, ages, circumstances of their deaths, and safety violations and penalties if applicable. For about half of the victims, we provide a photo of the deceased worker. In a section of the report we call “Worker Not Identified,” we note that many workplace fatality incidents are not reported in the press. Some government agencies keep secret the names of the victims. As the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health (NatCOSH) explains in their WMD report:

“As activists around the country seek information about workers killed in their state, region or locality, we find that important details are available in some cases but not others, with no logical explanation for the inconsistencies. Why should it be so hard for the public to know who was killed on the job and the basic facts of what happened?”

NatCOSH notes the inconsistency among government agencies. BLS’ data, they write, is

“…summary data only, with specific information about the names of workers and employers typically withheld as confidential. The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration, by contrast, has a long-standing policy of posting workplace fatalities on their website within days of being notified about a fatality. The report typically includes the name of the worker who died, his or her employer and a short description of the incident. The U.S. Fire Administration…also publishes information about on-duty career and volunteer firefighter fatalities. These public postings help us remember those who have died, and also provide crucial information that can help protect others who are exposed to ongoing occupational hazards.”

NatCOSH punctuates this point on the cover of its report. It displays photos of six victims from 2014 of fatal work-related injuries, with a seventh image—an outline of a person—with a giant question mark on the body. A terrific graphic that says to me “who was the victim?”

But topping NatCOSH’s report cover is the one that features the powerful photo below.

kylie sue 4-26-2014

Kylie Sue Tallent puts a face on the problem of work-related deaths. Her father, Michael Tallent was electrocuted at a construction site in Knoxville, TX. (Photo by Alyssa Hansen)

 

It is the photo that appears on the cover of the Knoxville Area’s WMD Committee’s report. The coalition of labor and faith groups prepared “Dying for a Job.” The 59-page document list the names, ages and circumstances of 172 Tennessee worker who died from work-related causes in 2013 and 2014. The authors of this report, as well as of the others, are careful to say “partial list.”  They know their lists are incomplete. These groups use whatever sources and as many sources—-from news stories, firefighter association sources, to OSHA news releases and word of mouth—to track down and identify the cases.

The Tennessee report captures the spirit and sentiment of the day set aside to remember workers killed on-the-job:

“Please take the time to pause and review this roll. Not only does it speak to the magnitude of losses suffered, it also reminds us of the tasks done by workers every day, and of the dignity and value of human labor.”

MassCOSH and the Massachusetts AFL-CIO remember by name 49 workers who lost their lives in the state in 2014. In their 27-page report “Dying for Work in Massachusetts,” the authors provide details about each victim, and also offer longer profiles on and photos of some of the deceased. This includes firefighters Edward Walsh, Jr., 43, and Michael Kennedy, 33, who were killed in March 2014 while fighting a 9-alarm fire in the Back Bay area of Boston. The MassCOSH report also remembers US Army Specialist Brian Arsenault, 28, from Northborough, MA who died in September 2014.

Worker justice and safety advocates in south Florida issued a WMD report, noting the hefty death toll in the Sunshine State. Between June and September 2014, there were 30 fatal work-related injuries in just the southern region of Florida.

Besides honoring workplace fatality victims by name, with photos and stories, these WMD reports have other similarities:

  • They note the untolled number of deaths from occupational diseases. An estimated 53,000 individuals in the US die each year from work-related illnesses. There is no government agency or coordinated system to track those deaths. As a result, most of the victims remain nameless.
  • They point to the collapse of the workers’ compensation system as a safety net for injured workers and their families. Several of the reports refer to the excellent reporting earlier this year “The Demolition of Workers’ Comp,” by ProPublica’s Michael Grabell and NPR’s Howard Berkes.
  • They offer recommendations to prevent work-related fatalities. In the TN report, for example, the authors include the text of legislation which has been introduced in their state capitol to strengthen workplace safety. One is a bill which would require special safety requirements for government construction projects, and the other would increase penalties assessed to employers for serious safety violations. The NatCOSH report emphasizes the fundamental safety regulations that, if diligently followed by employers, would prevent many fatalities.

Now onto the database:

This past summer, TPH’s Kim Krisberg wrote about Bethany Boggess’ on-line global mapping project to assemble and post information on incidents of occupational, deaths, illnesses and disasters. Six months later, Boggess and a small group of other volunteers developed the largest open-access data set of workplace fatality cases that occurred in the US in 2014. It was released yesterday.

Boggess, who has a masters of public health and is with the National Center for Farmworker Health, told me:

“Focusing on statistics to talk about fatalities isn’t enough. The stories, the names, and faces of deceased workers show us the human consequences of failing to address dangerous working conditions.”

The U.S. Worker Fatality Database identifies to-date more than 1,700 workplace fatalities for 2014. This is about one-third of the total cases that will be reported by BLS next year. The database includes, where available, the name of the deceased, the employer, and the circumstances of the death, with links to news accounts and obituaries. The project also includes interactive maps —all of it available to the public to reproduce. The individuals and groups who developed the system, will manage and continue to add to it. They simply ask users to credit: “US Workers Fatality Database.”

Do names and face matter? Consider this: A vigil was held last night in Houston to remember the victims from 2014 of workplace fatalities. The vigil featured the solemn reading of the names of the 62 individuals we were able to identify. The families of Juan Guerrero, 18, and Walter Warner, 53, wore t-shirts bearing the image of their deceased loved ones. The images on their t-shirts were the same ones that appears in our Houston-area WMD report.



from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/1ESNw4k

I can’t help but contrast last week’s release by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) of workplace fatality data,with the reports issued this week by community groups to commemorate International Workers’ Memorial Day (WMD). BLS gave us the sterile number: 4,585. That’s the government’s official, final tally of the number of work-related fatal injuries that occurred in the US in 2013.

But groups in Tennessee, Massachusetts, and elsewhere have already assembled workplace fatality data for 2014. Better than that, they’ve affixed names and stories to the numbers. The information comes in the form of WMD reports and an open-access database of work-related fatalities occurring in the US during 2014, with names and ages of the victims whenever possible. First to the reports:

I worked, for example, with colleagues and we identified by name 62 workers from the Houston, TX area who died in 2014 from fatal work-related injuries. Our 23-page report lists their names, ages, circumstances of their deaths, and safety violations and penalties if applicable. For about half of the victims, we provide a photo of the deceased worker. In a section of the report we call “Worker Not Identified,” we note that many workplace fatality incidents are not reported in the press. Some government agencies keep secret the names of the victims. As the National Council for Occupational Safety and Health (NatCOSH) explains in their WMD report:

“As activists around the country seek information about workers killed in their state, region or locality, we find that important details are available in some cases but not others, with no logical explanation for the inconsistencies. Why should it be so hard for the public to know who was killed on the job and the basic facts of what happened?”

NatCOSH notes the inconsistency among government agencies. BLS’ data, they write, is

“…summary data only, with specific information about the names of workers and employers typically withheld as confidential. The U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration, by contrast, has a long-standing policy of posting workplace fatalities on their website within days of being notified about a fatality. The report typically includes the name of the worker who died, his or her employer and a short description of the incident. The U.S. Fire Administration…also publishes information about on-duty career and volunteer firefighter fatalities. These public postings help us remember those who have died, and also provide crucial information that can help protect others who are exposed to ongoing occupational hazards.”

NatCOSH punctuates this point on the cover of its report. It displays photos of six victims from 2014 of fatal work-related injuries, with a seventh image—an outline of a person—with a giant question mark on the body. A terrific graphic that says to me “who was the victim?”

But topping NatCOSH’s report cover is the one that features the powerful photo below.

kylie sue 4-26-2014

Kylie Sue Tallent puts a face on the problem of work-related deaths. Her father, Michael Tallent was electrocuted at a construction site in Knoxville, TX. (Photo by Alyssa Hansen)

 

It is the photo that appears on the cover of the Knoxville Area’s WMD Committee’s report. The coalition of labor and faith groups prepared “Dying for a Job.” The 59-page document list the names, ages and circumstances of 172 Tennessee worker who died from work-related causes in 2013 and 2014. The authors of this report, as well as of the others, are careful to say “partial list.”  They know their lists are incomplete. These groups use whatever sources and as many sources—-from news stories, firefighter association sources, to OSHA news releases and word of mouth—to track down and identify the cases.

The Tennessee report captures the spirit and sentiment of the day set aside to remember workers killed on-the-job:

“Please take the time to pause and review this roll. Not only does it speak to the magnitude of losses suffered, it also reminds us of the tasks done by workers every day, and of the dignity and value of human labor.”

MassCOSH and the Massachusetts AFL-CIO remember by name 49 workers who lost their lives in the state in 2014. In their 27-page report “Dying for Work in Massachusetts,” the authors provide details about each victim, and also offer longer profiles on and photos of some of the deceased. This includes firefighters Edward Walsh, Jr., 43, and Michael Kennedy, 33, who were killed in March 2014 while fighting a 9-alarm fire in the Back Bay area of Boston. The MassCOSH report also remembers US Army Specialist Brian Arsenault, 28, from Northborough, MA who died in September 2014.

Worker justice and safety advocates in south Florida issued a WMD report, noting the hefty death toll in the Sunshine State. Between June and September 2014, there were 30 fatal work-related injuries in just the southern region of Florida.

Besides honoring workplace fatality victims by name, with photos and stories, these WMD reports have other similarities:

  • They note the untolled number of deaths from occupational diseases. An estimated 53,000 individuals in the US die each year from work-related illnesses. There is no government agency or coordinated system to track those deaths. As a result, most of the victims remain nameless.
  • They point to the collapse of the workers’ compensation system as a safety net for injured workers and their families. Several of the reports refer to the excellent reporting earlier this year “The Demolition of Workers’ Comp,” by ProPublica’s Michael Grabell and NPR’s Howard Berkes.
  • They offer recommendations to prevent work-related fatalities. In the TN report, for example, the authors include the text of legislation which has been introduced in their state capitol to strengthen workplace safety. One is a bill which would require special safety requirements for government construction projects, and the other would increase penalties assessed to employers for serious safety violations. The NatCOSH report emphasizes the fundamental safety regulations that, if diligently followed by employers, would prevent many fatalities.

Now onto the database:

This past summer, TPH’s Kim Krisberg wrote about Bethany Boggess’ on-line global mapping project to assemble and post information on incidents of occupational, deaths, illnesses and disasters. Six months later, Boggess and a small group of other volunteers developed the largest open-access data set of workplace fatality cases that occurred in the US in 2014. It was released yesterday.

Boggess, who has a masters of public health and is with the National Center for Farmworker Health, told me:

“Focusing on statistics to talk about fatalities isn’t enough. The stories, the names, and faces of deceased workers show us the human consequences of failing to address dangerous working conditions.”

The U.S. Worker Fatality Database identifies to-date more than 1,700 workplace fatalities for 2014. This is about one-third of the total cases that will be reported by BLS next year. The database includes, where available, the name of the deceased, the employer, and the circumstances of the death, with links to news accounts and obituaries. The project also includes interactive maps —all of it available to the public to reproduce. The individuals and groups who developed the system, will manage and continue to add to it. They simply ask users to credit: “US Workers Fatality Database.”

Do names and face matter? Consider this: A vigil was held last night in Houston to remember the victims from 2014 of workplace fatalities. The vigil featured the solemn reading of the names of the 62 individuals we were able to identify. The families of Juan Guerrero, 18, and Walter Warner, 53, wore t-shirts bearing the image of their deceased loved ones. The images on their t-shirts were the same ones that appears in our Houston-area WMD report.



from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/1ESNw4k

UW led ‘super group’ boosts NASA’s quest for extraterrestrial life

The search for extraterrestrial life has been on NASA’s agenda for years. Missions such as Kepler and Spitzer have captured the imagination of astrobiologists and everyday people alike, and have arguably advanced the notion that we are not alone in the universe.

Proponents of that notion will be happy to learn that NASA has launched a new initiative that aims to better understand the components of exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system. The initiative also seeks to explore how the interaction of their host stars and neighboring planets might support life. At the core of the initiative is learning of our origins and trying to understand the universe.

The initiative, called the Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NExSS), was inspired by the NASA Astrobiology Institute’s Virtual Planetary Laboratory (VPL), based locally out of the University of Washington. The VPL, established in 2001, made waves by implementing an innovative interdisciplinary approach to the study of exoplanets and the search for life beyond our solar system.

“In a way, VPL started this dialogue within our group, and NASA noticed,” said Victoria Meadows, UW professor of astronomy and principal investigator for the UW lab. “It is essentially a science super group made up of researchers from multiple disciplines that work together on a topic that is too big for one discipline.”

When studying exoplanets, researchers must combine expertise from Earth system science, planetary science, astronomy, atmospheric science, geology … the list goes on. This dialogue was lacking in the realm of exoplanetary science prior to the lab’s successes.

The UW lab “serves as an extraordinary example of how scientists across many disciplines learned to talk to, not at each other in order to apply their expertise and tools to answer a common question,” said Mary Voytek, director of NASA’s Astrobiology Program.

The NExSS initiative that will be spearheaded by scientists from the NASA Ames Research Center, the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute at the California Institute of Technology and the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Researchers from the UW will be joined by team members from the University of California, University of Maryland, University of Arizona, University of Nebraska and University of Wyoming and Arizona State University as well as Stanford University, Yale University and Hampton University.

NExSS researchers received federal funds for specified studies, but according to Meadows, they are also laying the foundation for future exoplanetary research. VPL and NExSS’s interdisciplinary approach to work is essentially creating a new field of study.

“We are hoping that this initiative will become more than the sum of its parts,” said Meadows.

Read more about the technical side of the NExSS initiative here.

The significance of NExSS

Currently, there is not much data on the components of exoplanets and their potential to support life. However, we do know there are thousands of exoplanets in the universe, and that some of them show signs of water either in the atmosphere or beneath the surface.

This image illustrates the comparable habitable zones of Earth and Kepler-22, a similarly sized exoplanet. According to Meadows, "We are just starting to discover earth-sized planets that could support water." (NASA)

This image illustrates the comparable habitable zones of Earth and Kepler-22, a similarly sized exoplanet. According to Meadows, “We are just starting to discover earth-sized planets that could support water.” (NASA)

With more Kepler findings to come, the number of documented exoplanets will most likely grow exponentially, which is promising for researchers like Meadows.

“What is encouraging is that there are planets everywhere,” said Meadows. “Kepler is returning the initial statistics that M dwarf stars (stars similar in size, if not smaller than our sun) could be habitable. We are just starting to discover earth-sized planets, whose parent stars are M dwarfs, that could support water.”

M dwarf stars are the most common stars in the universe. In fact, they make up 70 percent of all stars in our galaxy.

The lack of information on exoplanets boils down to a few things. However, the primary factors are recent technological advances, which have facilitated exoplanetary research previously impossible (keep in mind Kepler departed only six years ago), and the one-dimensional approach to studying exoplanets. This fresh, interdisciplinary approach is why NExSS represents a step in the right direction.

It seems as if the search for extraterrestrial life is starting to come together. The combination of Kepler discoveries, upcoming NASA initiatives and rapidly advancing technology means that researchers will be well equipped to navigate plumes of potentially habitable M dwarf stars.

Even high-ranking researchers are convinced that we have celestial neighbors.

“Since planets are so common, it seems inconceivable to me to assume that there isn’t life elsewhere,” said Meadows.

NExSS seeks to study planet "candidates" spotted by Kepler. "What's encouraging is that there are loads of planets out there," said Meadows. "They're everywhere." (NASA)

NExSS seeks to study planet “candidates” spotted by Kepler. “What’s encouraging is that there are loads of planets out there,” said Meadows. “They’re everywhere.” (NASA)

 

NASA Chief Scientist Ellen Stofan takes the idea even further.

During a panel discussion, Stofan said, “I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade, and I think we’re going to have definitive evidence within 20 to 30 years.”

A parting thought

With even the most knowledgeable researchers in the field convinced of “something out there,” the question must be asked—what would the discovery of extraterrestrial life mean for humanity’s understanding of creation?

From a scientific standpoint, researchers would have another life form for comparative biology—to see if we are “normal,” whatever that means. Comparative studies could provide insight into our origins, if alien life forms are similar in any way, shape or form.

If there indeed is extraterrestrial life, perhaps it derives from the same source as Earth’s life forms. Perhaps they wouldn’t. The bottom line: The discovery of extraterrestrial life would advance humanity’s understanding of biology and evolution.

If nothing else, humanity would know there is much more to life as we know it.



from The Big Science Blog http://ift.tt/1Q02309

The search for extraterrestrial life has been on NASA’s agenda for years. Missions such as Kepler and Spitzer have captured the imagination of astrobiologists and everyday people alike, and have arguably advanced the notion that we are not alone in the universe.

Proponents of that notion will be happy to learn that NASA has launched a new initiative that aims to better understand the components of exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system. The initiative also seeks to explore how the interaction of their host stars and neighboring planets might support life. At the core of the initiative is learning of our origins and trying to understand the universe.

The initiative, called the Nexus for Exoplanet System Science (NExSS), was inspired by the NASA Astrobiology Institute’s Virtual Planetary Laboratory (VPL), based locally out of the University of Washington. The VPL, established in 2001, made waves by implementing an innovative interdisciplinary approach to the study of exoplanets and the search for life beyond our solar system.

“In a way, VPL started this dialogue within our group, and NASA noticed,” said Victoria Meadows, UW professor of astronomy and principal investigator for the UW lab. “It is essentially a science super group made up of researchers from multiple disciplines that work together on a topic that is too big for one discipline.”

When studying exoplanets, researchers must combine expertise from Earth system science, planetary science, astronomy, atmospheric science, geology … the list goes on. This dialogue was lacking in the realm of exoplanetary science prior to the lab’s successes.

The UW lab “serves as an extraordinary example of how scientists across many disciplines learned to talk to, not at each other in order to apply their expertise and tools to answer a common question,” said Mary Voytek, director of NASA’s Astrobiology Program.

The NExSS initiative that will be spearheaded by scientists from the NASA Ames Research Center, the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute at the California Institute of Technology and the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.

Researchers from the UW will be joined by team members from the University of California, University of Maryland, University of Arizona, University of Nebraska and University of Wyoming and Arizona State University as well as Stanford University, Yale University and Hampton University.

NExSS researchers received federal funds for specified studies, but according to Meadows, they are also laying the foundation for future exoplanetary research. VPL and NExSS’s interdisciplinary approach to work is essentially creating a new field of study.

“We are hoping that this initiative will become more than the sum of its parts,” said Meadows.

Read more about the technical side of the NExSS initiative here.

The significance of NExSS

Currently, there is not much data on the components of exoplanets and their potential to support life. However, we do know there are thousands of exoplanets in the universe, and that some of them show signs of water either in the atmosphere or beneath the surface.

This image illustrates the comparable habitable zones of Earth and Kepler-22, a similarly sized exoplanet. According to Meadows, "We are just starting to discover earth-sized planets that could support water." (NASA)

This image illustrates the comparable habitable zones of Earth and Kepler-22, a similarly sized exoplanet. According to Meadows, “We are just starting to discover earth-sized planets that could support water.” (NASA)

With more Kepler findings to come, the number of documented exoplanets will most likely grow exponentially, which is promising for researchers like Meadows.

“What is encouraging is that there are planets everywhere,” said Meadows. “Kepler is returning the initial statistics that M dwarf stars (stars similar in size, if not smaller than our sun) could be habitable. We are just starting to discover earth-sized planets, whose parent stars are M dwarfs, that could support water.”

M dwarf stars are the most common stars in the universe. In fact, they make up 70 percent of all stars in our galaxy.

The lack of information on exoplanets boils down to a few things. However, the primary factors are recent technological advances, which have facilitated exoplanetary research previously impossible (keep in mind Kepler departed only six years ago), and the one-dimensional approach to studying exoplanets. This fresh, interdisciplinary approach is why NExSS represents a step in the right direction.

It seems as if the search for extraterrestrial life is starting to come together. The combination of Kepler discoveries, upcoming NASA initiatives and rapidly advancing technology means that researchers will be well equipped to navigate plumes of potentially habitable M dwarf stars.

Even high-ranking researchers are convinced that we have celestial neighbors.

“Since planets are so common, it seems inconceivable to me to assume that there isn’t life elsewhere,” said Meadows.

NExSS seeks to study planet "candidates" spotted by Kepler. "What's encouraging is that there are loads of planets out there," said Meadows. "They're everywhere." (NASA)

NExSS seeks to study planet “candidates” spotted by Kepler. “What’s encouraging is that there are loads of planets out there,” said Meadows. “They’re everywhere.” (NASA)

 

NASA Chief Scientist Ellen Stofan takes the idea even further.

During a panel discussion, Stofan said, “I think we’re going to have strong indications of life beyond Earth within a decade, and I think we’re going to have definitive evidence within 20 to 30 years.”

A parting thought

With even the most knowledgeable researchers in the field convinced of “something out there,” the question must be asked—what would the discovery of extraterrestrial life mean for humanity’s understanding of creation?

From a scientific standpoint, researchers would have another life form for comparative biology—to see if we are “normal,” whatever that means. Comparative studies could provide insight into our origins, if alien life forms are similar in any way, shape or form.

If there indeed is extraterrestrial life, perhaps it derives from the same source as Earth’s life forms. Perhaps they wouldn’t. The bottom line: The discovery of extraterrestrial life would advance humanity’s understanding of biology and evolution.

If nothing else, humanity would know there is much more to life as we know it.



from The Big Science Blog http://ift.tt/1Q02309