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Cry for me, Willie Soon [Greg Laden's Blog]

And by “me” I mean all the children of future generations.


Willie Soon is a soft-money scientist at Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who has been producing highly questionable ‘science’ casting, for several years, faux light on the reality of the human caused process of global warming. It appears that most or all of Soon’s funding came directly or indirectly from the fossil fuel industry or supporters of that industry. Recently the dung has struck the rotating blades and the nexus of denialist ‘science,’ fossil fuel funding, and Willie Soon has been brightly illuminated for all to see. Soon’s activities have actually been known for quite some time. Indeed, one of the denialist arguments that this isn’t really a story is the based on the assertion that this isn’t really a new story. (Pro tip: something like this going on for years is a bigger, not smaller, story!) What is different this time is that mainstream media, currently undergoing a transition away from maintaining a false balance debate about climate change has started to get real, and the main main stream media outlet in the US, the New York Times, anointed the Soon story as a story.


Even though Soon is ensconced at Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (which is more of a Smithsonian thing than a Harvard thing, but the links to Harvard are very real I am ashamed to admit) he recently made a public written statement about his situation and chose to convey that statement via the Heartland Institute. The Heartland Institute is the infamous Libertarian ‘think’ tank that supported the tobacco industry in their bid to cover up the dangers of smoking, and that has been involved in a range of rather nefarious activities vis-a-vis climate change science denialism. Soon has been an affiliate of Heartland for some time now. Soon’s statement reads:



In recent weeks I have been the target of attacks in the press by various radical environmental and politically motivated groups. This effort should be seen for what it is: a shameless attempt to silence my scientific research and writings, and to make an example out of me as a warning to any other researcher who may dare question in the slightest their fervently held orthodoxy of anthropogenic global warming.



Um, Imma let you finish reading the statement but first I want to comment on that first paragraph. The “radical” groups include Greenpeace, which I would argue is a radical group, but also, the New York Times, which I would regard as centrist, as well as a number of climate and environmental advocacy groups and individuals including mainstream scientists. What Soon calls an “orthodoxy” is actually a broadly held scientific consensus, like the “Germ Theory,” and “Einsteinian Physics” and such. By “question in the slightest” he must mean, since he is speaking circumspectly of his own work, “radical contrarianism of the important findings of climate science.” So, ladies and gentlemen, we see the magic of rhetoric at work. Soon is the radical, which is why he calls others radicals. OK, you may continue reading now.



I am saddened and appalled by this effort, not only because of the personal hurt it causes me and my family and friends, but also because of the damage it does to the integrity of the scientific process. I am willing to debate the substance of my research and competing views of climate change with anyone, anytime, anywhere. It is a shame that those who disagree with me resolutely decline all public debate and stoop instead to underhanded and unscientific ad hominem tactics.



Soon is famous for deflecting attempts to engage him in Q&A periods after the talks he gives. So forget about the debate. Soon is indeed being subjected to parallel attacks; scientists have been saying for years that his science sucks. That is not ad hominem. It is just that his science sucks. But also, his ethics are now being newly questioned, as he seems to have failed on numerous occasions to properly declare his industry funding. If accusing someone, copious evidence in hand, of ethical violations is ad hominem, then that is what it is. Soon’s reference to ad hominem is misguided. People are saying “Your science sucks. And your ethics are questionable.” The ad hominem fallacy would apply here only if people were saying “Your science sucks because your ethics suck.” No, his science does not stand on its own. OK, sorry for the interruption. Back to the statement.



Let me be clear. I have never been motivated by financial gain to write any scientific paper, nor have I ever hidden grants or any other alleged conflict of interest. I have been a solar and stellar physicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics for a quarter of a century, during which time I have published numerous peer-reviewed, scholarly articles. The fact that my research has been supported in part by donations to the Smithsonian Institution from many sources, including some energy producers, has long been a matter of public record. In submitting my academic writings I have always complied with what I understood to be disclosure practices in my field generally, consistent with the level of disclosure made by many of my Smithsonian colleagues.



Whether or not Soon or any other author of a peer reviews paper is motivated by financial gain is irrelevant to the question of proper disclosure of funding. Who knows, he may be right. After all, it was just a million or so dollars, who would be motivated by that? That is a distraction. Do note his reference to grant money coming to him via the Smithsonian. We’ll return to that later. I find his reference to “many” of his Smithsonian colleagues interesting as well.



If the standards for disclosure are to change, then let them change evenly. If a journal that has peer-reviewed and published my work concludes that additional disclosures are appropriate, I am happy to comply. I would ask only that other authors-on all sides of the debate-are also required to make similar disclosures. And I call on the media outlets that have so quickly repeated my attackers’ accusations to similarly look into the motivations of and disclosures that may or may not have been made by their preferred, IPCC-linked scientists.



Just to be clear, there really is no question that Soon failed to disclose funding sources in violation of journal policies and standard practice. I should note that his failure to disclose has been on the table for some time and at no point did he address that issue, as far as I know. I suspect that Soon’s repeated references to “others” is a deluded hope that everyone should realize that everyone has been acting unethically and this will motivate everyone to back off.



I regret deeply that the attacks on me now appear to have spilled over onto other scientists who have dared to question the degree to which human activities might be causing dangerous global warming, a topic that ought rightly be the subject of rigorous open debate, not personal attack. I similarly regret the terrible message this pillorying sends young researchers about the costs of questioning widely accepted “truths.”



Actually, some of those people are not questioning human cause, but they are questioning the danger. But I digress.


There is indeed a message here to the young and upcoming researchers. Keep your ducks in a row when it comes to ethics and similar concerns. Otherwise, this is exactly the fight Soon says he is ready for. If you produce research that asks questions of a widely held consensus, more power to you! You may well be making an important contribution. But if your research is shown to be seriously wanting time and time again, you may want to refer to that old adage of unknown attribution about doing the same thing that does not work over and over again.



Finally, I thank all my many colleagues and friends who have bravely objected to this smear campaign on my behalf and I challenge all parties involved to focus on real scientific issues for the betterment of humanity.



This sentence really pisses me off. Willie Soon and his denialist colleagues in science and Congress have measurably stalled our collective action on climate change. How dare you play the victim, Willie Soon. You are one of the perpetrators of what could be defined, and some day will be defined, as a crime against future generations (though this isn’t technically illegal, of course). The young pre-school age children of today will suffer more than they otherwise might have because of this delay. Shame on you. Don’t tell us about the “betterment of humanity.” Don’t ask us to cry for you, Willie Soon. You are in a hole. You dug that hole, and got paid a million or two bucks along the way. You tossed our children under the bus, and now you are whinging about your own fate?


And now, for the last part of the statement:



Dr. Wei-Hock “Willie” Soon

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics



Why is Willie Soon of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics releasing a statement indicating he is of that institution via the Heartland Institute, rather than from the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics? I think it is very weird that he released a statement that he is not an industry shill through an organization that is an industry shill. Beyond that anything in his convoluted statement makes equal sense.


Note that in his statement, Soon throws the Smithsonian under the bus, or perhaps, drags the institution under his own bus, by reminding everyone that the grants actually came (he claims) to him from the Smithsonian, to which Big Fossil had made donations. Note also that Soon implies that failure to disclose is normal for his colleagues at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, or perhaps, the Smithsonian in general. Wow. One can only imagine the conversations going on behind closed doors between Garden Street and Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA.


I strongly suspect that the only question that remains in the Willy Soon Gate affair is who is going down with Willie. We see the usual denialists lining up with him, and they are of no consequence. They have already crashed and burned. But we also see various so-called ‘contrarians’ choosing to jump in Willie’s hole, or not, and I strongly recommend not.






from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/1DPbR7n

And by “me” I mean all the children of future generations.


Willie Soon is a soft-money scientist at Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who has been producing highly questionable ‘science’ casting, for several years, faux light on the reality of the human caused process of global warming. It appears that most or all of Soon’s funding came directly or indirectly from the fossil fuel industry or supporters of that industry. Recently the dung has struck the rotating blades and the nexus of denialist ‘science,’ fossil fuel funding, and Willie Soon has been brightly illuminated for all to see. Soon’s activities have actually been known for quite some time. Indeed, one of the denialist arguments that this isn’t really a story is the based on the assertion that this isn’t really a new story. (Pro tip: something like this going on for years is a bigger, not smaller, story!) What is different this time is that mainstream media, currently undergoing a transition away from maintaining a false balance debate about climate change has started to get real, and the main main stream media outlet in the US, the New York Times, anointed the Soon story as a story.


Even though Soon is ensconced at Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (which is more of a Smithsonian thing than a Harvard thing, but the links to Harvard are very real I am ashamed to admit) he recently made a public written statement about his situation and chose to convey that statement via the Heartland Institute. The Heartland Institute is the infamous Libertarian ‘think’ tank that supported the tobacco industry in their bid to cover up the dangers of smoking, and that has been involved in a range of rather nefarious activities vis-a-vis climate change science denialism. Soon has been an affiliate of Heartland for some time now. Soon’s statement reads:



In recent weeks I have been the target of attacks in the press by various radical environmental and politically motivated groups. This effort should be seen for what it is: a shameless attempt to silence my scientific research and writings, and to make an example out of me as a warning to any other researcher who may dare question in the slightest their fervently held orthodoxy of anthropogenic global warming.



Um, Imma let you finish reading the statement but first I want to comment on that first paragraph. The “radical” groups include Greenpeace, which I would argue is a radical group, but also, the New York Times, which I would regard as centrist, as well as a number of climate and environmental advocacy groups and individuals including mainstream scientists. What Soon calls an “orthodoxy” is actually a broadly held scientific consensus, like the “Germ Theory,” and “Einsteinian Physics” and such. By “question in the slightest” he must mean, since he is speaking circumspectly of his own work, “radical contrarianism of the important findings of climate science.” So, ladies and gentlemen, we see the magic of rhetoric at work. Soon is the radical, which is why he calls others radicals. OK, you may continue reading now.



I am saddened and appalled by this effort, not only because of the personal hurt it causes me and my family and friends, but also because of the damage it does to the integrity of the scientific process. I am willing to debate the substance of my research and competing views of climate change with anyone, anytime, anywhere. It is a shame that those who disagree with me resolutely decline all public debate and stoop instead to underhanded and unscientific ad hominem tactics.



Soon is famous for deflecting attempts to engage him in Q&A periods after the talks he gives. So forget about the debate. Soon is indeed being subjected to parallel attacks; scientists have been saying for years that his science sucks. That is not ad hominem. It is just that his science sucks. But also, his ethics are now being newly questioned, as he seems to have failed on numerous occasions to properly declare his industry funding. If accusing someone, copious evidence in hand, of ethical violations is ad hominem, then that is what it is. Soon’s reference to ad hominem is misguided. People are saying “Your science sucks. And your ethics are questionable.” The ad hominem fallacy would apply here only if people were saying “Your science sucks because your ethics suck.” No, his science does not stand on its own. OK, sorry for the interruption. Back to the statement.



Let me be clear. I have never been motivated by financial gain to write any scientific paper, nor have I ever hidden grants or any other alleged conflict of interest. I have been a solar and stellar physicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics for a quarter of a century, during which time I have published numerous peer-reviewed, scholarly articles. The fact that my research has been supported in part by donations to the Smithsonian Institution from many sources, including some energy producers, has long been a matter of public record. In submitting my academic writings I have always complied with what I understood to be disclosure practices in my field generally, consistent with the level of disclosure made by many of my Smithsonian colleagues.



Whether or not Soon or any other author of a peer reviews paper is motivated by financial gain is irrelevant to the question of proper disclosure of funding. Who knows, he may be right. After all, it was just a million or so dollars, who would be motivated by that? That is a distraction. Do note his reference to grant money coming to him via the Smithsonian. We’ll return to that later. I find his reference to “many” of his Smithsonian colleagues interesting as well.



If the standards for disclosure are to change, then let them change evenly. If a journal that has peer-reviewed and published my work concludes that additional disclosures are appropriate, I am happy to comply. I would ask only that other authors-on all sides of the debate-are also required to make similar disclosures. And I call on the media outlets that have so quickly repeated my attackers’ accusations to similarly look into the motivations of and disclosures that may or may not have been made by their preferred, IPCC-linked scientists.



Just to be clear, there really is no question that Soon failed to disclose funding sources in violation of journal policies and standard practice. I should note that his failure to disclose has been on the table for some time and at no point did he address that issue, as far as I know. I suspect that Soon’s repeated references to “others” is a deluded hope that everyone should realize that everyone has been acting unethically and this will motivate everyone to back off.



I regret deeply that the attacks on me now appear to have spilled over onto other scientists who have dared to question the degree to which human activities might be causing dangerous global warming, a topic that ought rightly be the subject of rigorous open debate, not personal attack. I similarly regret the terrible message this pillorying sends young researchers about the costs of questioning widely accepted “truths.”



Actually, some of those people are not questioning human cause, but they are questioning the danger. But I digress.


There is indeed a message here to the young and upcoming researchers. Keep your ducks in a row when it comes to ethics and similar concerns. Otherwise, this is exactly the fight Soon says he is ready for. If you produce research that asks questions of a widely held consensus, more power to you! You may well be making an important contribution. But if your research is shown to be seriously wanting time and time again, you may want to refer to that old adage of unknown attribution about doing the same thing that does not work over and over again.



Finally, I thank all my many colleagues and friends who have bravely objected to this smear campaign on my behalf and I challenge all parties involved to focus on real scientific issues for the betterment of humanity.



This sentence really pisses me off. Willie Soon and his denialist colleagues in science and Congress have measurably stalled our collective action on climate change. How dare you play the victim, Willie Soon. You are one of the perpetrators of what could be defined, and some day will be defined, as a crime against future generations (though this isn’t technically illegal, of course). The young pre-school age children of today will suffer more than they otherwise might have because of this delay. Shame on you. Don’t tell us about the “betterment of humanity.” Don’t ask us to cry for you, Willie Soon. You are in a hole. You dug that hole, and got paid a million or two bucks along the way. You tossed our children under the bus, and now you are whinging about your own fate?


And now, for the last part of the statement:



Dr. Wei-Hock “Willie” Soon

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics



Why is Willie Soon of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics releasing a statement indicating he is of that institution via the Heartland Institute, rather than from the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics? I think it is very weird that he released a statement that he is not an industry shill through an organization that is an industry shill. Beyond that anything in his convoluted statement makes equal sense.


Note that in his statement, Soon throws the Smithsonian under the bus, or perhaps, drags the institution under his own bus, by reminding everyone that the grants actually came (he claims) to him from the Smithsonian, to which Big Fossil had made donations. Note also that Soon implies that failure to disclose is normal for his colleagues at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, or perhaps, the Smithsonian in general. Wow. One can only imagine the conversations going on behind closed doors between Garden Street and Concord Avenue, Cambridge, MA.


I strongly suspect that the only question that remains in the Willy Soon Gate affair is who is going down with Willie. We see the usual denialists lining up with him, and they are of no consequence. They have already crashed and burned. But we also see various so-called ‘contrarians’ choosing to jump in Willie’s hole, or not, and I strongly recommend not.






from ScienceBlogs http://ift.tt/1DPbR7n

The intriguing cycle of closest and farthest moons


In March 2015, the moon swings out to apogee – farthest point from Earth in its orbit – on March 5, and then reaches perigee – its nearest point – on March 19. We list the dates for this year’s 13 apogees and 13 perigees:


Year’s smallest full moon on March 5, 2015


2015




























































ApogeePerigee
January 9January 21
February 6February 19
March 5March 19
April 1April 17
April 29May 15
May 26June 10
June 23July 5
July 21August 2
August 18August 30
September 14September 28
October 11October 26
November 7November 23
December 5December 21

Amazingly, in periods of four years, lunar apogees and perigees fall on the same, or nearly the same calendar dates. Let’s look four years ahead, to the year 2019:


2019




























































ApogeePerigee
January 9January 21
February 5February 19
March 4March 19
April 1April 16
April 28May 13
May 26June 7
June 23July 5
July 20August 2
August 17August 30
September 13September 28
October 10October 26
November 7November 23
December 5December 18

Also, in cycles of two years, the calendar dates remain the same, or nearly so, except that the lunar apogees and perigees trade places. For instance, let’s look two years beyond 2015, to the year 2017:


2017




























































ApogeePerigee
January 22January 10
February 18February 6
March 18March 3
April 15March 30
May 12April 27
June 8May 26
July 6June 23
August 2July 21
August 30August 18
September 27September 13
October 25October 9
November 21November 6
December 19December 4

Want to know more? Click here for a complete listing of all lunar perigees and apogees for the 21st century (2001 to 2100).


It is hard to believe that this rather straight-forward and intriguing four-year apogee/perigee cycle is so little known among professional astronomers and lay people alike. Lunar apogees and lunar perigees align on the same, or nearly the same calendar dates every four years, because 53 returns to perigee is nearly commensurate with four calendar years. The mean length of the anomalistic month (perigee to perigee, or apogee to apogee) is 27.55455 days, whereas the average Gregorian year equals 365.2425 days. Hence:


27.55455 x 53 = 1460.3912 days


365.2425 x 4 = 1460.97 days


View larger. | Image via Wikipedia.

View larger. | Image via Wikipedia.



View larger. Image credit: NASA

View larger. Image credit: NASA



Bottom line: in periods of four years, lunar apogees and perigees fall on the same, or nearly the same calendar dates.






from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1C0u8Pv

In March 2015, the moon swings out to apogee – farthest point from Earth in its orbit – on March 5, and then reaches perigee – its nearest point – on March 19. We list the dates for this year’s 13 apogees and 13 perigees:


Year’s smallest full moon on March 5, 2015


2015




























































ApogeePerigee
January 9January 21
February 6February 19
March 5March 19
April 1April 17
April 29May 15
May 26June 10
June 23July 5
July 21August 2
August 18August 30
September 14September 28
October 11October 26
November 7November 23
December 5December 21

Amazingly, in periods of four years, lunar apogees and perigees fall on the same, or nearly the same calendar dates. Let’s look four years ahead, to the year 2019:


2019




























































ApogeePerigee
January 9January 21
February 5February 19
March 4March 19
April 1April 16
April 28May 13
May 26June 7
June 23July 5
July 20August 2
August 17August 30
September 13September 28
October 10October 26
November 7November 23
December 5December 18

Also, in cycles of two years, the calendar dates remain the same, or nearly so, except that the lunar apogees and perigees trade places. For instance, let’s look two years beyond 2015, to the year 2017:


2017




























































ApogeePerigee
January 22January 10
February 18February 6
March 18March 3
April 15March 30
May 12April 27
June 8May 26
July 6June 23
August 2July 21
August 30August 18
September 27September 13
October 25October 9
November 21November 6
December 19December 4

Want to know more? Click here for a complete listing of all lunar perigees and apogees for the 21st century (2001 to 2100).


It is hard to believe that this rather straight-forward and intriguing four-year apogee/perigee cycle is so little known among professional astronomers and lay people alike. Lunar apogees and lunar perigees align on the same, or nearly the same calendar dates every four years, because 53 returns to perigee is nearly commensurate with four calendar years. The mean length of the anomalistic month (perigee to perigee, or apogee to apogee) is 27.55455 days, whereas the average Gregorian year equals 365.2425 days. Hence:


27.55455 x 53 = 1460.3912 days


365.2425 x 4 = 1460.97 days


View larger. | Image via Wikipedia.

View larger. | Image via Wikipedia.



View larger. Image credit: NASA

View larger. Image credit: NASA



Bottom line: in periods of four years, lunar apogees and perigees fall on the same, or nearly the same calendar dates.






from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1C0u8Pv

First photo of light as particle and wave

This image shows the dual nature of light - its property of being both a wave and a particle simultaneously - a property known for decades, but never before witnessed by human eyes.

This image shows the dual nature of light – its property of being both a wave and a particle – a property known since 1905, but never before witnessed by human eyes.



Here is the first-ever photo of light as both a particle and a wave. It was Albert Einstein who suggested that light did not behave exactly a wave or a particle. Instead, light behaves as both wave and particle. Einstein’s theory became known as the wave-particle duality of light, and is now fully accepted by modern scientists. But who thought we’d ever actually see a photo of light as both a particle and a wave? The new image comes from a team of scientists based in Europe at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). The journal Nature Communications published it on March 2, 2015.


According to a statement from EPFL:



When UV light hits a metal surface, it causes an emission of electrons. Albert Einstein explained this “photoelectric” effect by proposing that light—thought to only be a wave—is also a stream of particles. Even though a variety of experiments have successfully observed both the particle- and wave-like behaviors of light, they have never been able to observe both at the same time.


A research team led by Fabrizio Carbone at EPFL has now carried out an experiment with a clever twist: using electrons to image light. The researchers have captured, for the first time ever, a single snapshot of light behaving simultaneously as both a wave and a stream of particles particle.


The experiment is set up like this: A pulse of laser light is fired at a tiny metallic nanowire. The laser adds energy to the charged particles in the nanowire, causing them to vibrate. Light travels along this tiny wire in two possible directions, like cars on a highway. When waves traveling in opposite directions meet each other they form a new wave that looks like it is standing in place. Here, this standing wave becomes the source of light for the experiment, radiating around the nanowire.


This is where the experiment’s trick comes in: The scientists shot a stream of electrons close to the nanowire, using them to image the standing wave of light. As the electrons interacted with the confined light on the nanowire, they either sped up or slowed down. Using the ultrafast microscope to image the position where this change in speed occurred, Carbone’s team could now visualize the standing wave, which acts as a fingerprint of the wave-nature of light.


While this phenomenon shows the wave-like nature of light, it simultaneously demonstrated its particle aspect as well. As the electrons pass close to the standing wave of light, they “hit” the light’s particles, the photons. As mentioned above, this affects their speed, making them move faster or slower. This change in speed appears as an exchange of energy “packets” (quanta) between electrons and photons. The very occurrence of these energy packets shows that the light on the nanowire behaves as a particle.



Click here to read the entire statement from EPFL


Click here for a good explanation of the dual nature of light


This video also explains more:



Bottom line: Modern scientists fully accept the wave-particle duality of light. But who thought we’d ever see a photo of light as both a particle and a wave? A team of scientists based in Europe at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) has created this image. The journal Nature Communications published it on March 2, 2015.






from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1ABjpG6
This image shows the dual nature of light - its property of being both a wave and a particle simultaneously - a property known for decades, but never before witnessed by human eyes.

This image shows the dual nature of light – its property of being both a wave and a particle – a property known since 1905, but never before witnessed by human eyes.



Here is the first-ever photo of light as both a particle and a wave. It was Albert Einstein who suggested that light did not behave exactly a wave or a particle. Instead, light behaves as both wave and particle. Einstein’s theory became known as the wave-particle duality of light, and is now fully accepted by modern scientists. But who thought we’d ever actually see a photo of light as both a particle and a wave? The new image comes from a team of scientists based in Europe at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). The journal Nature Communications published it on March 2, 2015.


According to a statement from EPFL:



When UV light hits a metal surface, it causes an emission of electrons. Albert Einstein explained this “photoelectric” effect by proposing that light—thought to only be a wave—is also a stream of particles. Even though a variety of experiments have successfully observed both the particle- and wave-like behaviors of light, they have never been able to observe both at the same time.


A research team led by Fabrizio Carbone at EPFL has now carried out an experiment with a clever twist: using electrons to image light. The researchers have captured, for the first time ever, a single snapshot of light behaving simultaneously as both a wave and a stream of particles particle.


The experiment is set up like this: A pulse of laser light is fired at a tiny metallic nanowire. The laser adds energy to the charged particles in the nanowire, causing them to vibrate. Light travels along this tiny wire in two possible directions, like cars on a highway. When waves traveling in opposite directions meet each other they form a new wave that looks like it is standing in place. Here, this standing wave becomes the source of light for the experiment, radiating around the nanowire.


This is where the experiment’s trick comes in: The scientists shot a stream of electrons close to the nanowire, using them to image the standing wave of light. As the electrons interacted with the confined light on the nanowire, they either sped up or slowed down. Using the ultrafast microscope to image the position where this change in speed occurred, Carbone’s team could now visualize the standing wave, which acts as a fingerprint of the wave-nature of light.


While this phenomenon shows the wave-like nature of light, it simultaneously demonstrated its particle aspect as well. As the electrons pass close to the standing wave of light, they “hit” the light’s particles, the photons. As mentioned above, this affects their speed, making them move faster or slower. This change in speed appears as an exchange of energy “packets” (quanta) between electrons and photons. The very occurrence of these energy packets shows that the light on the nanowire behaves as a particle.



Click here to read the entire statement from EPFL


Click here for a good explanation of the dual nature of light


This video also explains more:



Bottom line: Modern scientists fully accept the wave-particle duality of light. But who thought we’d ever see a photo of light as both a particle and a wave? A team of scientists based in Europe at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) has created this image. The journal Nature Communications published it on March 2, 2015.






from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1ABjpG6

Mike Adams attacks Jimmy Kimmel for “hate speech” [Respectful Insolence]

The last couple of days have been unrelentingly serious and depressing, with posts on the (probably) preventable death of a young Australian woman named Jess Ainscough of a rare cancer because she made the mistake of choosing the quackery that is the Gerson protocol rather than conventional medicine. Unfortunately, the “natural health community” will almost certainly learn nothing from her story, in which Ainscough, facing the very unpleasant prospect of a radical amputation, instead chose Gerson therapy and became an evangelist for that particular form of cancer quackery and “natural healing.” I felt sorry for her, even though I couldn’t approve of how she potentially led people with cancer down the road of pseudoscience and quackery with her enthusiastic promotion of coffee enemas and the rest of the nonsense Charlotte Gerson sells based on her father’s protocol.


I need to lighten up.



Who better to provide the comic relief from this thus far grim week than that buffoon of buffoons, Mike Adams? Even better, unlike Ainscough, who was herself a victim of whatever cancer quacks sold her on the Gerson protocol in the first place, Adams is no victim. He’s also pissed off (his usual state of mind) Why is he so ticked off? Well, he’s not happy with Jimmy Kimmel over this bit he did Friday night on his show:



Normally, I don’t watch Jimmy Kimmel, even on the now rare times when I’m up that late. (My wife and I tend to be so beat on Friday nights that our typical ritual on most Fridays is to order pizza, maybe with a glass of wine—or not—and then fall asleep with the dog on the couch by 10 PM.) I saw it Saturday morning, as it was making the rounds on social media, and I thought it was hilarious.


Mike Adams was not so amused. doing that faux outrage schtick he does so well to fire up his minions against the evil depredations of big pharma and the government, he published a spittle-flecked rant (are there any other kinds from Mike Adams?) entitled OUTRAGE! Jimmy Kimmel makes fun of vaccine-damaged children, revives hate speech bigotry on national TV. I must admit, I was surprised it took him nearly four days to come up with this, but I did chuckle at the histrionic title of the post before I read a single word:



Throughout U.S. history, certain selected groups of citizens have been subjected to extreme verbal, judicial and even physical abuse at the hands of bigoted oppressors. The historical abuse of African-Americans — subjected to generations of abusive language and racism that still lingers today — was villainously summed up with a bigoted hate speech label I dare not utter here.


Gay Americans were similarly subjected to the label of “f-@@-t,” a hate-based derogatory slur invoked to demean a human being because of their sexual orientation. It was this campaign of verbal abuse and derogatory hate speech that helped give rise to violence against gays in America.


Importantly, every effort to demean and denigrate a selectively targeted class of citizens — whether for their skin color, their sexual orientation or their beliefs — has been preceded by a campaign of verbal abuse intended to dehumanize that targeted group. The invocation and use of bigoted, derogatory labels lays the social and cultural groundwork for not only discrimination but even actual violence committed against the groups being targeted.


Racism and hate speech are wrong. It is morally, politically and socially incorrect to use hate speech labels in a derogatory manner in a civilized society. These terms are hate-based forms of speech meant to emotionally hurt and demean targeted groups of innocent people. Yet, astonishingly, it has now emerged in America that it is socially acceptable to use precisely the same bigoted hate-speech language against another group: children who are damaged by vaccines (and children who are unvaccinated). This group is now being widely and aggressively disparaged with the hate-based term “anti-vaxxers.”



Did you watch the video? I did. Kimmel didn’t make fun of any children, “vaccine-injured,” autistic, or neurotypical. Not at all. Rather, he made fun of “antivaxers,” basically mocking their sense of entitlement and, above all, their apparent belief that their Google University knowledge trumps the actual knowledge of doctors, using a rather hilarious fake public service announcement with doctors complaining about this and using slightly profanity-laced exhortations to parents to get their kids vaccinated. It was an excellent deconstruction of the Dunning-Kruger effect that makes antivaccinationists antivaccinationists.


Kimmel’s five minute comedy bit is not “hate speech,” although complaining about “hate speech” or “bullying” has become the go-to whine from antivaccinationists facing criticism for their choices, a whine that’s become even more intense in light of the Disneyland measles outbreak since Christmas. Criticism of pseudoscience and quackery is not “hate speech.” It’s just not. For one thing, hate speech usually involves attacking groups who are the way they are through no choice of their own. Think attacking Jews or African-Americans on the basis of their religion or race. Think attacking homosexuals because of their sexual orientation. Yes, those are the examples Adams used, but how is one of these things (antivaccinationists) not like the others (blacks or homosexuals)? That’s right. Antivaccinationists choose to be antivaccinationists.


Not that that stops Adams when he’s on a role even more ridiculous than one of his typical rants:



In a stunning demonstration of demeaning hate speech targeting children who have suffered brain damage from vaccines, comedian Jimmy Kimmel unleashed a satire comedy hit piece that, fifty years ago, would have almost certainly seen Kimmel making fun of black people. Twenty years ago, he would have been making fun of gay people. But today, in 2015, Jimmy Kimmel directs his ignorance, bigotry and demeaning hate speech toward vaccine-damaged children who are now labeled “anti-vaxxers.”



Given that Adams brought race into this, you know where this is going; that is, if you’ve been following this blog at least since August and recall the kerfuffle over the trumped up “CDC Whistleblower” manufactroversy:



Not only is Jimmy Kimmel using bigoted hate speech language to demean crippled children who were damaged by vaccines; he’s also doing so in a manner that is utterly ignorant of the special risks posed to African-Americans by vaccines.


It was Dr. William Thompson, a top CDC scientist, who blew the whistle on the CDC’s vaccine research fraud last year, going public with his confession that the CDC knowingly covered up data linking vaccines to an increased risk of autism in young African-American boys.



Except that the CDC study in question showed nothing of the sort, and there’s no credible evidence of a “cover up,” just the stress-induced claims of a single CDC psychologist whose claims have gained no traction and failed to be corroborated. This whole kerfuffle came to be known among antivaccinationists as the “CDC whistleblower”/#CDCWhistleblower saga. Let’s just put it this way: Andrew Wakefield glommed onto this fake controversy. That ought to tell you all you need to know.


Adams even invokes a statement by Mahatma Gandhi, who, if the reference is accurate, was apparently amazingly ignorant about vaccination, leading me to wonder: Where did Gandhi get his medical degree? (For a more skeptical take on Gandhi’s views on vaccines, check this out.) On a scientific basis, I care no more what Gandhi said about vaccines than what Mike Adams says, things like:



Vaccines, it turns out, are a form of medical violence against children for the simple reason that they provably cause extreme, permanent damage in many children year after year. But medical violence isn’t the only violence that Jimmy Kimmel now seems to be promoting… he’s also provoking individual acts of violence against so-called “anti-vaxxers” through his emotionally-charged, hate-filled rhetoric disguised as comedy.


Historically, it was the public tolerance of hate speech against African-Americans and gays that encouraged some people to engage in violent acts against them. After all, a group of people who are verbally belittled with derogatory and bigoted hate speech by public figures is an easy target for those with violent tendencies.



Oh, please. Pot. Kettle. Black. This is from a man who routinely refers to scientists as being the equivalent of “Nazis” (no, actually, he likened Monsanto and pro-GMO advocates explicitly to Nazis and strongly implied that it would be right to kill them for their “heinous crimes,” starting up and later shutting down a site called “Monsanto Collaborators”) and castigates science itself as evil, while ranting against big pharma. Hypocrisy, thy name is Mike Adams (among others). By Adams’ own definition, he engages in hate speech himself far beyond any accusation he can come up with against Jimmy Kimmel in his fevered imagination. It’s just another example of what a joke Mike Adams is. Unfortunately, he’s an influential joke.


Over the last few years, antivaccinationists have tried to liken themselves to traditionally oppressed or discriminated against groups, such as blacks, gays, or others in a transparent ploy to deflect criticism and paint it as “oppression.” Adams’ little screed takes that technique and hilariously puts it on steroids and cranks it up to 11. (Yes, when it comes to Adams, I like to shamelessly mix metaphors.) It’s over-the-top, even by Mike Adams’ standards.






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The last couple of days have been unrelentingly serious and depressing, with posts on the (probably) preventable death of a young Australian woman named Jess Ainscough of a rare cancer because she made the mistake of choosing the quackery that is the Gerson protocol rather than conventional medicine. Unfortunately, the “natural health community” will almost certainly learn nothing from her story, in which Ainscough, facing the very unpleasant prospect of a radical amputation, instead chose Gerson therapy and became an evangelist for that particular form of cancer quackery and “natural healing.” I felt sorry for her, even though I couldn’t approve of how she potentially led people with cancer down the road of pseudoscience and quackery with her enthusiastic promotion of coffee enemas and the rest of the nonsense Charlotte Gerson sells based on her father’s protocol.


I need to lighten up.



Who better to provide the comic relief from this thus far grim week than that buffoon of buffoons, Mike Adams? Even better, unlike Ainscough, who was herself a victim of whatever cancer quacks sold her on the Gerson protocol in the first place, Adams is no victim. He’s also pissed off (his usual state of mind) Why is he so ticked off? Well, he’s not happy with Jimmy Kimmel over this bit he did Friday night on his show:



Normally, I don’t watch Jimmy Kimmel, even on the now rare times when I’m up that late. (My wife and I tend to be so beat on Friday nights that our typical ritual on most Fridays is to order pizza, maybe with a glass of wine—or not—and then fall asleep with the dog on the couch by 10 PM.) I saw it Saturday morning, as it was making the rounds on social media, and I thought it was hilarious.


Mike Adams was not so amused. doing that faux outrage schtick he does so well to fire up his minions against the evil depredations of big pharma and the government, he published a spittle-flecked rant (are there any other kinds from Mike Adams?) entitled OUTRAGE! Jimmy Kimmel makes fun of vaccine-damaged children, revives hate speech bigotry on national TV. I must admit, I was surprised it took him nearly four days to come up with this, but I did chuckle at the histrionic title of the post before I read a single word:



Throughout U.S. history, certain selected groups of citizens have been subjected to extreme verbal, judicial and even physical abuse at the hands of bigoted oppressors. The historical abuse of African-Americans — subjected to generations of abusive language and racism that still lingers today — was villainously summed up with a bigoted hate speech label I dare not utter here.


Gay Americans were similarly subjected to the label of “f-@@-t,” a hate-based derogatory slur invoked to demean a human being because of their sexual orientation. It was this campaign of verbal abuse and derogatory hate speech that helped give rise to violence against gays in America.


Importantly, every effort to demean and denigrate a selectively targeted class of citizens — whether for their skin color, their sexual orientation or their beliefs — has been preceded by a campaign of verbal abuse intended to dehumanize that targeted group. The invocation and use of bigoted, derogatory labels lays the social and cultural groundwork for not only discrimination but even actual violence committed against the groups being targeted.


Racism and hate speech are wrong. It is morally, politically and socially incorrect to use hate speech labels in a derogatory manner in a civilized society. These terms are hate-based forms of speech meant to emotionally hurt and demean targeted groups of innocent people. Yet, astonishingly, it has now emerged in America that it is socially acceptable to use precisely the same bigoted hate-speech language against another group: children who are damaged by vaccines (and children who are unvaccinated). This group is now being widely and aggressively disparaged with the hate-based term “anti-vaxxers.”



Did you watch the video? I did. Kimmel didn’t make fun of any children, “vaccine-injured,” autistic, or neurotypical. Not at all. Rather, he made fun of “antivaxers,” basically mocking their sense of entitlement and, above all, their apparent belief that their Google University knowledge trumps the actual knowledge of doctors, using a rather hilarious fake public service announcement with doctors complaining about this and using slightly profanity-laced exhortations to parents to get their kids vaccinated. It was an excellent deconstruction of the Dunning-Kruger effect that makes antivaccinationists antivaccinationists.


Kimmel’s five minute comedy bit is not “hate speech,” although complaining about “hate speech” or “bullying” has become the go-to whine from antivaccinationists facing criticism for their choices, a whine that’s become even more intense in light of the Disneyland measles outbreak since Christmas. Criticism of pseudoscience and quackery is not “hate speech.” It’s just not. For one thing, hate speech usually involves attacking groups who are the way they are through no choice of their own. Think attacking Jews or African-Americans on the basis of their religion or race. Think attacking homosexuals because of their sexual orientation. Yes, those are the examples Adams used, but how is one of these things (antivaccinationists) not like the others (blacks or homosexuals)? That’s right. Antivaccinationists choose to be antivaccinationists.


Not that that stops Adams when he’s on a role even more ridiculous than one of his typical rants:



In a stunning demonstration of demeaning hate speech targeting children who have suffered brain damage from vaccines, comedian Jimmy Kimmel unleashed a satire comedy hit piece that, fifty years ago, would have almost certainly seen Kimmel making fun of black people. Twenty years ago, he would have been making fun of gay people. But today, in 2015, Jimmy Kimmel directs his ignorance, bigotry and demeaning hate speech toward vaccine-damaged children who are now labeled “anti-vaxxers.”



Given that Adams brought race into this, you know where this is going; that is, if you’ve been following this blog at least since August and recall the kerfuffle over the trumped up “CDC Whistleblower” manufactroversy:



Not only is Jimmy Kimmel using bigoted hate speech language to demean crippled children who were damaged by vaccines; he’s also doing so in a manner that is utterly ignorant of the special risks posed to African-Americans by vaccines.


It was Dr. William Thompson, a top CDC scientist, who blew the whistle on the CDC’s vaccine research fraud last year, going public with his confession that the CDC knowingly covered up data linking vaccines to an increased risk of autism in young African-American boys.



Except that the CDC study in question showed nothing of the sort, and there’s no credible evidence of a “cover up,” just the stress-induced claims of a single CDC psychologist whose claims have gained no traction and failed to be corroborated. This whole kerfuffle came to be known among antivaccinationists as the “CDC whistleblower”/#CDCWhistleblower saga. Let’s just put it this way: Andrew Wakefield glommed onto this fake controversy. That ought to tell you all you need to know.


Adams even invokes a statement by Mahatma Gandhi, who, if the reference is accurate, was apparently amazingly ignorant about vaccination, leading me to wonder: Where did Gandhi get his medical degree? (For a more skeptical take on Gandhi’s views on vaccines, check this out.) On a scientific basis, I care no more what Gandhi said about vaccines than what Mike Adams says, things like:



Vaccines, it turns out, are a form of medical violence against children for the simple reason that they provably cause extreme, permanent damage in many children year after year. But medical violence isn’t the only violence that Jimmy Kimmel now seems to be promoting… he’s also provoking individual acts of violence against so-called “anti-vaxxers” through his emotionally-charged, hate-filled rhetoric disguised as comedy.


Historically, it was the public tolerance of hate speech against African-Americans and gays that encouraged some people to engage in violent acts against them. After all, a group of people who are verbally belittled with derogatory and bigoted hate speech by public figures is an easy target for those with violent tendencies.



Oh, please. Pot. Kettle. Black. This is from a man who routinely refers to scientists as being the equivalent of “Nazis” (no, actually, he likened Monsanto and pro-GMO advocates explicitly to Nazis and strongly implied that it would be right to kill them for their “heinous crimes,” starting up and later shutting down a site called “Monsanto Collaborators”) and castigates science itself as evil, while ranting against big pharma. Hypocrisy, thy name is Mike Adams (among others). By Adams’ own definition, he engages in hate speech himself far beyond any accusation he can come up with against Jimmy Kimmel in his fevered imagination. It’s just another example of what a joke Mike Adams is. Unfortunately, he’s an influential joke.


Over the last few years, antivaccinationists have tried to liken themselves to traditionally oppressed or discriminated against groups, such as blacks, gays, or others in a transparent ploy to deflect criticism and paint it as “oppression.” Adams’ little screed takes that technique and hilariously puts it on steroids and cranks it up to 11. (Yes, when it comes to Adams, I like to shamelessly mix metaphors.) It’s over-the-top, even by Mike Adams’ standards.






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Clearest pictures ever of free-falling snowflakes





Jupiter and Earth’s moon, and the beautiful dance of Jupiter’s moons


Tonight – March 3, 2015 – keep watching the moon and Jupiter! If you’ve been watching these past few days, you know the waxing gibbous moon has been moving past the glorious planet Jupiter in our night sky. The featured sky chart at top shows the moon’s position relative to Jupiter and the star Regulus as seen on the evening of March 3 from North America. In the world’s Eastern Hemisphere – Africa, Europe and Asia – the moon still shines between Jupiter and Regulus on March 3, but is more offset toward Jupiter.


Do you have a telescope? Wait until Earth’s moon moves away, then try to view Jupiter’s four major moons through your ‘scope. Or try tonight, because you can often see these moons in a moonlit sky. In their outward order from Jupiter, the moons are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. But, as viewed from Earth on successive evenings, their order will be seen to change.


As darkness falls over North America on March 3, 2015, Io and Europa will appear on one side of Jupiter, while Ganymede and Callisto will be on the other. Follow Jupiter’s moons with this chart from skyandtelescope.com.


jupiter_moon_animation


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The inner three moons – Io, Europa and Ganymede – have a 4:2:1 orbital resonance. For every four times that Io orbits Jupiter, Europa orbits twice and Ganymede orbits once. Callisto is expected to join in several hundred million years from now, to create a 8:4:2:1 orbital resonance.


Given that Io’s mean distance from Jupiter is 262,000 miles, we can figure out Europa’s distance by using Kepler’s third law of orbital motion, D3 = P2, where D = distance and P = orbital period. We know Europa’s orbital period (P) is twice that of Io. So we can plug the number 2 into Kepler’s equation below to find out Europa’s distance relative to Io:


D3 = P2

D x D x D = 2 x 2

D x D x D = 4


D = 1.5874 times Io’s distance from Jupiter

Distance of Europa = 1.5874 x 262,000 = 415,898.8 miles


Bottom line: Whether you enjoy the simple beauty of Kepler’s third law or the visual beauty of the heavens – or both – let the waxing gibbous moon be your guide to the planet Jupiter on March 3, 2015!


EarthSky astronomy kits are perfect for beginners. Order today from the EarthSky store


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from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1AUG3wI

Tonight – March 3, 2015 – keep watching the moon and Jupiter! If you’ve been watching these past few days, you know the waxing gibbous moon has been moving past the glorious planet Jupiter in our night sky. The featured sky chart at top shows the moon’s position relative to Jupiter and the star Regulus as seen on the evening of March 3 from North America. In the world’s Eastern Hemisphere – Africa, Europe and Asia – the moon still shines between Jupiter and Regulus on March 3, but is more offset toward Jupiter.


Do you have a telescope? Wait until Earth’s moon moves away, then try to view Jupiter’s four major moons through your ‘scope. Or try tonight, because you can often see these moons in a moonlit sky. In their outward order from Jupiter, the moons are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. But, as viewed from Earth on successive evenings, their order will be seen to change.


As darkness falls over North America on March 3, 2015, Io and Europa will appear on one side of Jupiter, while Ganymede and Callisto will be on the other. Follow Jupiter’s moons with this chart from skyandtelescope.com.


jupiter_moon_animation


Enjoying EarthSky so far? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today!


The inner three moons – Io, Europa and Ganymede – have a 4:2:1 orbital resonance. For every four times that Io orbits Jupiter, Europa orbits twice and Ganymede orbits once. Callisto is expected to join in several hundred million years from now, to create a 8:4:2:1 orbital resonance.


Given that Io’s mean distance from Jupiter is 262,000 miles, we can figure out Europa’s distance by using Kepler’s third law of orbital motion, D3 = P2, where D = distance and P = orbital period. We know Europa’s orbital period (P) is twice that of Io. So we can plug the number 2 into Kepler’s equation below to find out Europa’s distance relative to Io:


D3 = P2

D x D x D = 2 x 2

D x D x D = 4


D = 1.5874 times Io’s distance from Jupiter

Distance of Europa = 1.5874 x 262,000 = 415,898.8 miles


Bottom line: Whether you enjoy the simple beauty of Kepler’s third law or the visual beauty of the heavens – or both – let the waxing gibbous moon be your guide to the planet Jupiter on March 3, 2015!


EarthSky astronomy kits are perfect for beginners. Order today from the EarthSky store


Donate: Your support means the world to us






from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1AUG3wI

Moonlit night of plum blossoms, and other great moon and Jupiter photos


The little white dot near the moon here is Jupiter. He titled it A Moonlit Night of Plum Blossoms. Photo by Masaaki Shibuya.

View larger. | Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2015, seen from Japan. Masaaki Shibuya, who captured this photo, titled it A Moonlit Night of Plum Blossoms. Thank you, Masaaki!



EarthSky Facebook friend Rajib Maji wrote:

EarthSky Facebook friend Rajib Maji wrote: “I observed the moon today with Jupiter near by along with Castor-Pollux and Procyon. Rawatbhata, Rajasthan, India, 02-03-2015.”



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Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2014 from Birgitta Johansson? in Hudiksvall, Sweden.

Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2014 from Birgitta Johansson? in Hudiksvall, Sweden.



Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2015 from EarthSky Facebook friend the Moon Appreciation Society in northern Italy. The moon has a corona around it. That's a smaller halo of light than the large 22-degree halo we often see in photos. Read more about lunar coronas from Les Cowley's great website Atmospheric Optics.

Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2015 from EarthSky Facebook friend the Moon Appreciation Society in northern Italy. The moon has a corona around it. That’s a smaller halo of light than the large 22-degree halo we often see in photos. Read more about lunar coronas from Les Cowley’s great website Atmospheric Optics.







from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1B4lApp

The little white dot near the moon here is Jupiter. He titled it A Moonlit Night of Plum Blossoms. Photo by Masaaki Shibuya.

View larger. | Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2015, seen from Japan. Masaaki Shibuya, who captured this photo, titled it A Moonlit Night of Plum Blossoms. Thank you, Masaaki!



EarthSky Facebook friend Rajib Maji wrote:

EarthSky Facebook friend Rajib Maji wrote: “I observed the moon today with Jupiter near by along with Castor-Pollux and Procyon. Rawatbhata, Rajasthan, India, 02-03-2015.”



Enjoying EarthSky so far? Sign up for our free daily newsletter today!


Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2014 from Birgitta Johansson? in Hudiksvall, Sweden.

Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2014 from Birgitta Johansson? in Hudiksvall, Sweden.



Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2015 from EarthSky Facebook friend the Moon Appreciation Society in northern Italy. The moon has a corona around it. That's a smaller halo of light than the large 22-degree halo we often see in photos. Read more about lunar coronas from Les Cowley's great website Atmospheric Optics.

Moon and Jupiter on March 2, 2015 from EarthSky Facebook friend the Moon Appreciation Society in northern Italy. The moon has a corona around it. That’s a smaller halo of light than the large 22-degree halo we often see in photos. Read more about lunar coronas from Les Cowley’s great website Atmospheric Optics.







from EarthSky http://ift.tt/1B4lApp

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