Seasons of Uranus, a sideways world

This image of Uranus was captured by the Hubble Space Telescope in November 2018. It shows widespread stormy cloud cover over the planet’s north pole. The seasons of Uranus are strange, when contrasted with Earth’s seasons. Image via NASA/ ESA/ A. Simon et al.

Strange seasons of Uranus

Uranus has bizarre seasons. That’s our earthly perspective, at least. As we explore exoplanets and their distant solar systems – or think about planetary moons, or asteroids – who knows what range of differences we’ll find? But we do know this. Uranus has bizarre seasons, in contrast to Earth and the other major planets in this solar system. It’s because Uranus’ spin axis is extremely tilted with respect to its orbit around the sun. Compared to the other planets – which spin elegantly nearly upright as they orbit our local star – Uranus almost seems as if it’s rolling around the sun, like a rolling ball.

Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees from perpendicular with respect to the plane of our orbit around the sun. Uranus’s axis is tilted at 98 degrees! So Uranus is tilted nearly sideways to the plane of the solar system, the single flat sheet of space in which nearly all the planets and moons orbit.

And, speaking of its orbit, Uranus orbits 1.8 billion miles (2.8 nillion km) from the sun. And so Uranus takes a long time to orbit the sun once. Its “year” is 84 Earth-years long. That makes each of its four seasons 21 years long. That’s another reason we on Earth think of Uranus’ seasons as strange.

Like Earth, Uranus has a nearly circular orbit, so it always remains at roughly the same distance from the sun. Unlike Mars – whose orbit is more elliptical than that of Earth or Uranus – Uranus’ distance from the sun isn’t a factor in its seasonal change.

Instead, as on Earth, the planet’s tilt is what gives Uranus its four seasons.

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Extreme tilt means extreme seasons

So think about how Uranus’ tilt affects its seasons, in contrast to earthly seasons. Here’s one difference. Earth’s tilt means our north and south polar regions have a midnight sun in summer and a long polar night in winter. Since Earth’s axis tilt is relatively small, those dark and bright times at Earth’s poles affect a relatively small part of our planet.

But the tilt of Uranus’ spin axis – 98 degrees – is huge. As a result, in summer, one pole of Uranus plus a large section of that pole’s hemisphere faces the sun continuously for 21 years. Meanwhile, the other half of Uranus – the winter half – is in darkness for 21 years. That’s a long polar night, and a long midnight sun!

Spring and fall on Uranus are equally bizarre. Around the equinoxes on Uranus, sunlight strikes the equatorial region of the planet. During those seasons, the length of a day on Uranus plays an important role in its climate. Uranus spins on its axis about every 17 hours, 14 minutes. So its day-night cycle lasts that long.

So, for much of the planet’s spring and fall, a large percentage of the planet has day and night about every 17 hours. It’s quite a contrast to the summer and winter seasons when half the planet is either in darkness or daylight.

This diagram shows Uranus at four locations in its orbit. When Voyager 2 passed by in 1986, the planet’s south pole was facing the sun and the atmosphere did not show much activity. In 2007, the sun was shining over the planet’s equator, resulting in 17-hour day-night cycles. Earth- and space-based observatories revealed more activity in Uranus’ atmosphere, such as cloud features and atmospheric bands. Image via M. Showalter and M. Gordon/ SETI Institute/ SSEC. Used with permission.

A blue and featureless Uranus, as seen by Voyager 2 in 1986. Voyager encountered Uranus during the planet’s southern hemisphere summer season. Image via NASA PhotoJournal.

What we see from Earth and spacecraft

The extreme seasonal changes cause dramatic shifts in Uranus’ cloud patterns. Earth- and space-based observatories have observed this change over decades of Uranus-watching. The Voyager 2 spacecraft is the only craft from Earth that has ever flown past Uranus. That was in 1986. Voyager 2 encountered this world during its southern hemisphere summer. The spacecraft saw Uranus as blue and featureless.

In the years since Voyager 2’s flyby of Uranus, astronomical observing technologies have become more powerful. As Uranus moved in its 84-year orbit around the sun, we’ve seen the seasons on Uranus change.

Since the Voyager 2 observations, Uranus has emerged from the grip of its decades-long winter/summer season. Its southern hemisphere autumn equinox occurred in 2007; that’s when the sun was shining above Uranus’ equator. Sunlight reached some latitudes for the first time in years. Light and warmth in the atmosphere triggered gigantic storms comparable in size to North America (but with temperatures of -300 Fahrenheit/-184 Celsius), visible as bright spots in the planet’s atmosphere.

Around that time, Earth- and space-based telescopes revealed more clouds in the atmosphere of Uranus. Bands encircling the planet changed in size and brightness as sunlight struck parts of the planet for the first time in decades. Plus, a dark spot appeared – and more bright spots – which observers were able to follow for years.

What more will we see in the decades and years ahead as Uranus moves toward the long winter/summer portion of its orbit once more?

The dark spot on Uranus, which appeared as the planet’s northern hemisphere approached its autumn equinox, was large enough to engulf 2/3 of the United States. Image via NASA/ ESA/ L. Sromovsky and P. Fry.

This 2004 image of Uranus was taken using filters designed to isolate very specific wavelengths of light to bring out features – in this case, variations in the altitude and thickness of clouds – that would otherwise not be visible. Images of the area around the planet were enhanced to show the rings and some of the planet’s moons. Image via NASA/ Erich Karkoschka.

Bottom line: The rotation axis of Uranus has a very large tilt that causes extreme seasonal changes. This results in increased activity in its atmosphere during the planet’s spring and fall seasons.

The post Seasons of Uranus, a sideways world first appeared on EarthSky.

from EarthSky https://ift.tt/3q7dE83

This image of Uranus was captured by the Hubble Space Telescope in November 2018. It shows widespread stormy cloud cover over the planet’s north pole. The seasons of Uranus are strange, when contrasted with Earth’s seasons. Image via NASA/ ESA/ A. Simon et al.

Strange seasons of Uranus

Uranus has bizarre seasons. That’s our earthly perspective, at least. As we explore exoplanets and their distant solar systems – or think about planetary moons, or asteroids – who knows what range of differences we’ll find? But we do know this. Uranus has bizarre seasons, in contrast to Earth and the other major planets in this solar system. It’s because Uranus’ spin axis is extremely tilted with respect to its orbit around the sun. Compared to the other planets – which spin elegantly nearly upright as they orbit our local star – Uranus almost seems as if it’s rolling around the sun, like a rolling ball.

Earth’s axis is tilted 23.5 degrees from perpendicular with respect to the plane of our orbit around the sun. Uranus’s axis is tilted at 98 degrees! So Uranus is tilted nearly sideways to the plane of the solar system, the single flat sheet of space in which nearly all the planets and moons orbit.

And, speaking of its orbit, Uranus orbits 1.8 billion miles (2.8 nillion km) from the sun. And so Uranus takes a long time to orbit the sun once. Its “year” is 84 Earth-years long. That makes each of its four seasons 21 years long. That’s another reason we on Earth think of Uranus’ seasons as strange.

Like Earth, Uranus has a nearly circular orbit, so it always remains at roughly the same distance from the sun. Unlike Mars – whose orbit is more elliptical than that of Earth or Uranus – Uranus’ distance from the sun isn’t a factor in its seasonal change.

Instead, as on Earth, the planet’s tilt is what gives Uranus its four seasons.

EarthSky’s 2022 lunar calendars are available now! We’re guaranteed to sell out, so get one while you can. Your support helps EarthSky keep going!

Extreme tilt means extreme seasons

So think about how Uranus’ tilt affects its seasons, in contrast to earthly seasons. Here’s one difference. Earth’s tilt means our north and south polar regions have a midnight sun in summer and a long polar night in winter. Since Earth’s axis tilt is relatively small, those dark and bright times at Earth’s poles affect a relatively small part of our planet.

But the tilt of Uranus’ spin axis – 98 degrees – is huge. As a result, in summer, one pole of Uranus plus a large section of that pole’s hemisphere faces the sun continuously for 21 years. Meanwhile, the other half of Uranus – the winter half – is in darkness for 21 years. That’s a long polar night, and a long midnight sun!

Spring and fall on Uranus are equally bizarre. Around the equinoxes on Uranus, sunlight strikes the equatorial region of the planet. During those seasons, the length of a day on Uranus plays an important role in its climate. Uranus spins on its axis about every 17 hours, 14 minutes. So its day-night cycle lasts that long.

So, for much of the planet’s spring and fall, a large percentage of the planet has day and night about every 17 hours. It’s quite a contrast to the summer and winter seasons when half the planet is either in darkness or daylight.

This diagram shows Uranus at four locations in its orbit. When Voyager 2 passed by in 1986, the planet’s south pole was facing the sun and the atmosphere did not show much activity. In 2007, the sun was shining over the planet’s equator, resulting in 17-hour day-night cycles. Earth- and space-based observatories revealed more activity in Uranus’ atmosphere, such as cloud features and atmospheric bands. Image via M. Showalter and M. Gordon/ SETI Institute/ SSEC. Used with permission.

A blue and featureless Uranus, as seen by Voyager 2 in 1986. Voyager encountered Uranus during the planet’s southern hemisphere summer season. Image via NASA PhotoJournal.

What we see from Earth and spacecraft

The extreme seasonal changes cause dramatic shifts in Uranus’ cloud patterns. Earth- and space-based observatories have observed this change over decades of Uranus-watching. The Voyager 2 spacecraft is the only craft from Earth that has ever flown past Uranus. That was in 1986. Voyager 2 encountered this world during its southern hemisphere summer. The spacecraft saw Uranus as blue and featureless.

In the years since Voyager 2’s flyby of Uranus, astronomical observing technologies have become more powerful. As Uranus moved in its 84-year orbit around the sun, we’ve seen the seasons on Uranus change.

Since the Voyager 2 observations, Uranus has emerged from the grip of its decades-long winter/summer season. Its southern hemisphere autumn equinox occurred in 2007; that’s when the sun was shining above Uranus’ equator. Sunlight reached some latitudes for the first time in years. Light and warmth in the atmosphere triggered gigantic storms comparable in size to North America (but with temperatures of -300 Fahrenheit/-184 Celsius), visible as bright spots in the planet’s atmosphere.

Around that time, Earth- and space-based telescopes revealed more clouds in the atmosphere of Uranus. Bands encircling the planet changed in size and brightness as sunlight struck parts of the planet for the first time in decades. Plus, a dark spot appeared – and more bright spots – which observers were able to follow for years.

What more will we see in the decades and years ahead as Uranus moves toward the long winter/summer portion of its orbit once more?

The dark spot on Uranus, which appeared as the planet’s northern hemisphere approached its autumn equinox, was large enough to engulf 2/3 of the United States. Image via NASA/ ESA/ L. Sromovsky and P. Fry.

This 2004 image of Uranus was taken using filters designed to isolate very specific wavelengths of light to bring out features – in this case, variations in the altitude and thickness of clouds – that would otherwise not be visible. Images of the area around the planet were enhanced to show the rings and some of the planet’s moons. Image via NASA/ Erich Karkoschka.

Bottom line: The rotation axis of Uranus has a very large tilt that causes extreme seasonal changes. This results in increased activity in its atmosphere during the planet’s spring and fall seasons.

The post Seasons of Uranus, a sideways world first appeared on EarthSky.

from EarthSky https://ift.tt/3q7dE83