What makes a red rainbow?

View larger. | Double red rainbow on July 21, 2015, by Steve Lacy, near Las Cruces, New Mexico.

It’s rare to see a red rainbow. I’ve seen only one in all my decades of skywatching … although, I admit, I live in a place where it doesn’t rain much. I spotted my sole red rainbow early one morning decades ago, around sunup, while driving on the dirt road leading from Chaco Canyon in New Mexico. That is such a magical place, and I fancied at the time that the magic of the canyon helped create the red rainbow. Not so.

Les Cowley of the great website Atmospheric Optics says that red rainbows are created when there is a low sun so that, he says, the blue and green of its rays are weakened by scattering during the long journey through the atmosphere. In that way, red rainbows are akin to red sunrises and sunsets. Les explained:

Sunset and sunrise rays travel long paths through the lower atmosphere where they are scattered by air molecules and dust. Short wavelength blues and greens are scattered most strongly leaving the remaining transmitted light proportionately richer in reds and yellows. The result, glorious sunsets and red rainbows.

Frances Pelletier caught this double red rainbow on February 9, 2016, from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

In 2014, astrophotographer Göran Strand of Sweden kindly gave us permission to publish the photo below, which shows an ordinary double rainbow (if any rainbow, especially a double rainbow, can be called ordinary), followed by a double red rainbow. It illustrates how red rainbows are made. Göran told Earthsky that he shot the upper image in the afternoon, with the sun about 27 degrees above the horizon. He shot the lower photo with the sun 2 degrees above the horizon.

Notice two things in the photo below: the heights of the two rainbows above the horizon, and their colors.

The height of a rainbow depends on the sun. The lower the sun, the higher the rainbow. You can see evidence of this fact by looking at the red rainbow photo, shot when the sun was setting. See how much higher in the sky it arcs than the other double rainbow?

View larger. | Göran Strand of Sweden captured this double rainbow in 2014 … and, shortly afterwards, caught it again as the sun sank lower, and it became a double red rainbow. Used with permission. Visit Göran’s astrophotography website or his Facebook page.

Interested in double rainbows, by the way, and in how regular rainbows are made? All rainbows happen when sunlight shines through raindrops. If the sun is behind you, and if you see the sun sunlight emerging from many raindrops at once, you see a mosaic of light spread out in an arc in the sky: a rainbow. Double rainbows happen when sunlight inside a raindrop is reflected twice instead of once.

Here are more photos of red rainbows from the EarthSky community. Thank you all!

Red rainbow at sunset – May 25, 2015 – over Bluewater, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Kelly Schenk.

Red rainbow over Roque del Conde, on the island of Tenerife, submitted to EarthSky by Roberto Porto.

Here’s another beautiful shot of a red rainbow, from EarthSky Facebook friend Jesper Kristensen. It’s from August 14, 2014. Thank you, Jesper.

Bottom line: If you’re watching a sunset, and there’s rain in the air, turn in the direction opposite the sun and watch for the elusive red rainbow. Red rainbows happen when the sun is on the horizon. They’re created for much the same reason that a sunset or sunrise looks red. When the sun is low, its blue and green light is weakened by scattering during the long journey to your eyes through Earth’s atmosphere. The red light travels through more directly. Voila … a red rainbow.

from EarthSky https://ift.tt/34RiFog

View larger. | Double red rainbow on July 21, 2015, by Steve Lacy, near Las Cruces, New Mexico.

It’s rare to see a red rainbow. I’ve seen only one in all my decades of skywatching … although, I admit, I live in a place where it doesn’t rain much. I spotted my sole red rainbow early one morning decades ago, around sunup, while driving on the dirt road leading from Chaco Canyon in New Mexico. That is such a magical place, and I fancied at the time that the magic of the canyon helped create the red rainbow. Not so.

Les Cowley of the great website Atmospheric Optics says that red rainbows are created when there is a low sun so that, he says, the blue and green of its rays are weakened by scattering during the long journey through the atmosphere. In that way, red rainbows are akin to red sunrises and sunsets. Les explained:

Sunset and sunrise rays travel long paths through the lower atmosphere where they are scattered by air molecules and dust. Short wavelength blues and greens are scattered most strongly leaving the remaining transmitted light proportionately richer in reds and yellows. The result, glorious sunsets and red rainbows.

Frances Pelletier caught this double red rainbow on February 9, 2016, from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina.

In 2014, astrophotographer Göran Strand of Sweden kindly gave us permission to publish the photo below, which shows an ordinary double rainbow (if any rainbow, especially a double rainbow, can be called ordinary), followed by a double red rainbow. It illustrates how red rainbows are made. Göran told Earthsky that he shot the upper image in the afternoon, with the sun about 27 degrees above the horizon. He shot the lower photo with the sun 2 degrees above the horizon.

Notice two things in the photo below: the heights of the two rainbows above the horizon, and their colors.

The height of a rainbow depends on the sun. The lower the sun, the higher the rainbow. You can see evidence of this fact by looking at the red rainbow photo, shot when the sun was setting. See how much higher in the sky it arcs than the other double rainbow?

View larger. | Göran Strand of Sweden captured this double rainbow in 2014 … and, shortly afterwards, caught it again as the sun sank lower, and it became a double red rainbow. Used with permission. Visit Göran’s astrophotography website or his Facebook page.

Interested in double rainbows, by the way, and in how regular rainbows are made? All rainbows happen when sunlight shines through raindrops. If the sun is behind you, and if you see the sun sunlight emerging from many raindrops at once, you see a mosaic of light spread out in an arc in the sky: a rainbow. Double rainbows happen when sunlight inside a raindrop is reflected twice instead of once.

Here are more photos of red rainbows from the EarthSky community. Thank you all!

Red rainbow at sunset – May 25, 2015 – over Bluewater, Ontario, Canada. Photo by Kelly Schenk.

Red rainbow over Roque del Conde, on the island of Tenerife, submitted to EarthSky by Roberto Porto.

Here’s another beautiful shot of a red rainbow, from EarthSky Facebook friend Jesper Kristensen. It’s from August 14, 2014. Thank you, Jesper.

Bottom line: If you’re watching a sunset, and there’s rain in the air, turn in the direction opposite the sun and watch for the elusive red rainbow. Red rainbows happen when the sun is on the horizon. They’re created for much the same reason that a sunset or sunrise looks red. When the sun is low, its blue and green light is weakened by scattering during the long journey to your eyes through Earth’s atmosphere. The red light travels through more directly. Voila … a red rainbow.

from EarthSky https://ift.tt/34RiFog